Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (cUICC stages II/III) are typically treated with preoperative 5-fluorouracil–based (5-FU–based) radiochemotherapy. However, trials are currently being conducted to improve the complete remission rates and the systemic control by combining 5-FU with oxaliplatin in order to identify the subgroups of rectal cancer patients at risk for high-grade toxicity. The results indicate that there are basic clinical parameters, such as gender and body mass index, that may be potential markers for generating individual risk profiles of radiochemotherapy-induced toxicity.
Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Describe present strategies of treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer and ongoing clinical trials, including neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy with 50.4 Gy and concomitant 5-FU +/− oxaliplatin.Define the basic clinical parameters, with special emphasis on gender and BMI, correlating with radiochemotherapy-associated side effects in rectal cancer patients and differences in severity of toxicity.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (cUICC stages II/III) are typically treated with preoperative 5-fluorouracil–based (5-FU–based) radiochemotherapy (RCT). However, trials are currently being conducted to improve the complete remission rates and the systemic control by combining 5-FU with oxaliplatin. The primary objective was to identify the subgroups of rectal cancer patients who were at risk for high-grade toxicity.
All 196 patients who were included in the present study were treated with 50.4 Gy and chemotherapy that included either 5-FU (n = 115) or 5-FU+oxaliplatin (n = 81). The preoperative RCT was followed by a total mesorectal excision and adjuvant chemotherapy. Acute toxicity was monitored weekly and a toxicity grade ≥3 (Common Toxicity Criteria) for a skin reaction, cystitis, proctitis, or enteritis was defined as high-grade acute organ toxicity. After RCT with 5-FU+oxaliplatin, complete tumor remission was achieved in 13.6% of the patients and in 11.3% after RCT with 5-FU alone.
Complete irradiation dosages of 50.4 Gy were given to 99% (5-FU) and 95% (5-FU+oxaliplatin) of the patients. Concomitant chemotherapy was fully administered in 95% of the patients treated with 5-FU compared with the 84% of patients treated with 5-FU+oxaliplatin.
A significantly higher proportion of acute organ toxicity was found in the patients who were treated with 5-FU+oxaliplatin compared with those who were treated with 5-FU. Additionally, women with a low body mass index were at the highest risk for acute organ toxicity.
These results suggest that there are basic clinical parameters, such as gender and body mass index, that may be potential markers for generating individual risk profiles of RCT-induced toxicity.
