Her past medical history was significant in that she was under haematological review for chronic normocytic, normochromic anaemia. This had been present for at least 20 months, and had been investigated with upper and lower gastrointestinal tract endoscopy, blood tests and ultrasound scanning all of which had been unremarkable.

There had also been one previous admission for acute abdominal pain 30 years earlier, and she had undergone laparotomy on the night of admission. Surgery revealed an enlarged right ovary with multiple solid areas, with rupture into the broad ligament. A total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed. Histology revealed a mainly solid, large granulosa cell tumour of the ovary, with acute rupture. She was discharged uneventfully, and had not been followed up.

In the current admission, she was admitted for further investigation, and underwent a abdomino-pelvic contrast CT scan the next day. This revealed a large pelvic mass causing compression of the right ureter, and a right hydronephrosis (Figure ​(Figure1,1, arrow).

The next day, she developed nausea, vomiting and colicky abdominal pain, and a plain abdominal radiograph was ordered. This revealed dilated small bowel loops, and a diagnosis of small bowel obstruction was made (Figure ​(Figure2).2). She did not respond to conservative management, and developed signs of small bowel strangulation after 24 hours.

At laparotomy, the terminal ileum was gangrenous in several places, and found to be tethered to a focal organised haematoma arising from a large retroperitoneal cystic mass behind the bladder. There was no blood elsewhere in the abdominal cavity.

The retroperitoneal mass was incised, with the resulting release of a haematoma of around 1 litre in quantity. This was evacuated from the cyst, together with a necrotic lesion in its centre, and sent for histology. A small bowel resection was performed, drains inserted and the abdomen closed.

She made an uneventful recovery, with full resolution of her renal function, and anaemia.

Subsequent histology revealed a sex cord – stromal tumour of ovary, characterised as a poorly differentiated granulosa cell tumour. The small bowel was also involved by tumour. An immunohistochemical review of her original tumour from thirty years prior was performed, and confirmed that a recurrence of the original lesion had occurred.

She was referred to a specialist oncological centre for further management and presently remains asymptomatic and disease-free.

There is a recognised association between granulosa cell tumour and haemoperitoneum [7,8]. Previous reports have described cases presenting as an acute abdomen [9,10]. Our case is unique in that it is likely our patient underwent chronic blood loss into the pelvic mass, resulting in anaemia, with a subsequent acute episode of bleeding prior to admission resulting in a large increase in the size of the pelvic mass, and a limited haemoperitoneum. The presence of the pelvic mass caused ureteric obstruction and hydronephrosis, whilst adherence of the terminal ileum to the adjacent organising intra-abdominal haematoma resulted in small bowel obstruction.

At her original surgery, our patient was found to have a large tumour, with acute rupture. Histology did not reveal any untoward prognostic features.

Predictors for recurrence may include advanced stage at presentation, high tumour mitotic count, bilaterality, large tumour size, tumour rupture, and lymphatic space invasion [11-13], although other studies have refuted the correlation of these criteria with risk of relapse [14]. More recently, molecular markers such as Ki-67 and p53 overexpression have been linked to a higher recurrence risk and poor survival [15]. The polypeptide hormone inhibin may be useful as a marker for the diagnosis of recurrent tumours. Inhibin is produced by granulosa cells, and should be absent in the oophorectomised, post-menopausal female [16]. In one prospective study, serum inhibin levels became elevated up to 2 years before surgery was performed for recurrent disease [17].

Recurrent tumours can be treated with surgical resection, post-operative chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Surgery is considered palliative, and repeated surgical debulking has been described as a successful method of controlling symptoms and prolonging survival [1]. Although combination chemotherapy regimens with cisplatinum, vinblastine and bleomycin (PVB) have demonstrated response rates of over 90%, impact on disease-free and long term survival is currently unknown.

The relatively small numbers of patients available for study together with the fact that recurrences may occur extremely late has meant that randomised controlled trials to assess the relative effectiveness of surgery over chemo- or radiotherapy are not feasible.