Differences in the symptom experience of older versus younger oncology outpatients: a cross-sectional study

doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-6

BMC Cancer. 2013; 13: 6.

Published online 2013 January 3. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-6

PMCID: PMC3576303

Differences in the symptom experience of older versus younger oncology outpatients: a cross-sectional study

Janine K Cataldo,¹ Steven Paul,¹ Bruce Cooper,¹ Helen Skerman,³ Kimberly Alexander,³ Bradley Aouizerat,^1,⁴ Virginia Blackman,¹ John Merriman,¹ Laura Dunn,² Christine Ritchie,² Patsy Yates,³ and Christine Miaskowski^1,⁵

¹School of Nursing, University of California, 2 Koret Way – N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA

²Schools of Nursing Medicine, University of California, 2 Koret Way – N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA

³School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Queensland, Australia

⁴Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, 2 Koret Way – N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA

⁵Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, 2 Koret Way – N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA

Corresponding author.

Janine K Cataldo: janine.cataldo/at/nursing.ucsf.edu; Steven Paul: steven.paul/at/nursing.ucsf.edu; Bruce Cooper: bruce.cooper/at/nursing.ucsf.edu; Helen Skerman: h.skerman/at/qut.edu.au; Kimberly Alexander: k.alexander/at/qut.edu.au; Bradley Aouizerat: bradley.aouizerat/at/nursing.ucsf.edu; Virginia Blackman: Virginia.blackman/at/ucsf.edu; John Merriman: John.merriman/at/ucsf.edu; Laura Dunn: Laura.Dunn/at/ucsf.edu; Christine Ritchie: Christine.Ritchie/at/ucsf.edu; Patsy Yates: p.yates/at/qut.edu.au; Christine Miaskowski: chris.miaskowski/at/nursing.ucsf.edu

Received December 20, 2012; Accepted December 20, 2012.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

Mortality rates for cancer are decreasing in patients under 60 and increasing in those over 60 years of age. The reasons for these differences in mortality rates remain poorly understood. One explanation may be that older patients received substandard treatment because of concerns about adverse effects. Given the paucity of research on the multiple dimensions of the symptom experience in older oncology patients, the purpose of this study was to evaluate for differences in ratings of symptom occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress between younger (< 60 years) and older ( ≥ 60 years) adults undergoing cancer treatment. We hypothesized that older patients would have significantly lower ratings on four symptom dimensions.

Methods

Data from two studies in the United States and one study in Australia were combined to conduct this analysis. All three studies used the MSAS to evaluate the occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress of 32 symptoms.

Results

Data from 593 oncology outpatients receiving active treatment for their cancer (i.e., 44.4% were

60 years and 55.6% were

≥

60 years of age) were evaluated. Of the 32 MSAS symptoms, after controlling for significant covariates, older patients reported significantly lower occurrence rates for 15 (46.9%) symptoms, lower severity ratings for 6 (18.9%) symptoms, lower frequency ratings for 4 (12.5%) symptoms, and lower distress ratings for 14 (43.8%) symptoms.

Conclusions

This study is the first to evaluate for differences in multiple dimensions of symptom experience in older oncology patients. For almost 50% of the MSAS symptoms, older patients reported significantly lower occurrence rates. While fewer age-related differences were found in ratings of symptom severity, frequency, and distress, a similar pattern was found across all three dimensions. Future research needs to focus on a detailed evaluation of patient and clinical characteristics (i.e., type and dose of treatment) that explain the differences in symptom experience identified in this study.

Keywords: Geriatric oncology, Symptoms

Background

Cancer is predominantly an older person’s illness. Approximately 50% of the most common cancers (i.e., breast, prostate, and lung) occur in people over 60 years of age [1]. Because of major advances in cancer treatment and supportive care strategies, a larger percentage of older persons are receiving active treatment [2]. However, while mortality rates for cancer are decreasing in patients under 60, they are increasing in those over 60 years of age [1]. The reasons for these differences in mortality rates remain poorly understood primarily due to the paucity of research on older persons with cancer.

Older adults are a vulnerable population who are at high risk for suboptimal cancer care because they were under-represented in clinical trials and experience disparities in cancer treatment [3-7]. One reason why mortality rates may be increasing in patients over 60 is that they receive substandard treatment (i.e., lower doses of radiation therapy (RT) or chemotherapy (CTX)) because of the unsubstantiated belief that they will experience a larger number and more severe adverse effects as well as poor functional outcomes and significant decrements in quality of life (QOL) [8,9]. The foundations for these beliefs include the normal physiological changes that occur with aging that could influence drug metabolism, the co-occurrence of multiple co-morbidities in the elderly, and the increased risk of adverse effects associated with polypharmacy [2,10,11]. However, findings from studies on the impact of co-morbidities and cancer treatment on older people are contradictory [12-14].

In addition, in the limited number of studies that evaluated associations between age and the occurrence and severity of physical and psychological symptoms, the results are inconsistent. In a study of oncology patients undergoing RT [15], sleep disturbance, pain, and distress were significantly less prevalent among older patients compared to younger patients, while shortness of breath was significantly more prevalent among older patients before RT. In another study of newly diagnosed cancer patients [16], age was weakly correlated with ratings of symptom distress (r

−0.11, p

0.02) and older patients reported lower levels of symptom distress. In contrast, in a study of multiple symptoms [17], patients over 70 reported higher symptom distress scores than patients less than 40 years of age. In a study of patients with advanced cancer [10], compared to older patients, younger patients reported higher pain severity scores and better appetite. In terms of psychological symptoms, older age is consistently associated with lower levels of psychological distress regardless of clinical factors [18-21]. However, less is known about how older patients experience psychological distress associated with cancer and its treatment [22,23].

In both Australia and the United States, the number of oncology patients over the age of 60 is growing exponentially [1,24]. In fact, estimates suggest that by 2030, the incidence of cancer among older adults will increase by 67% [25]. If research studies are not done to characterize the symptom management needs of older persons with cancer, the medical systems in both countries will not be prepared to provide the supportive care interventions that these highly vulnerable patients need in order to receive appropriate treatments and survive their cancer. Therefore, given the paucity of research on age-related differences in the multiple dimensions of the symptom experience, the purpose of this study, using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS) [26], was to evaluate for differences in ratings of symptom occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress between younger (< 60 years) and older (≥ 60 years) adults undergoing cancer treatment. Based on previous studies [16,27-29], we hypothesized that older patients would have significantly lower ratings on all symptom dimensions than younger patients.

Methods

Study samples

Demographic, clinical, and symptom data from one Australian study (i.e., Symptom Clusters) and two United States studies (i.e., Fatigue, Pain, and Sleep Study (FPS study), Symptom Prevalence Study) were combined to conduct this analysis. All three studies enrolled patients who were receiving active treatment for their cancer. To evaluate the effect of age, patients were dichotomized into younger (< 60) and older (≥ 60) groups based on cut-offs used in previous studies of cancer symptoms [10,30,31], as well as findings that cancer mortality rates are increasing in those

60 years [1].

Symptom clusters study

This prospective, longitudinal study was designed to identify symptom clusters and their effects on physical and psychological functioning of patients with metastatic disease. Data were collected from patients using an interview-administered survey at the time of diagnosis or progression of metastatic disease and again at 2 months and 4 months. Data from the first assessment were used in these analyses.

Patients were recruited consecutively from two major tertiary referral hospitals in Australia: the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (Melbourne). Patients were to participate if they: were adults (> 18 years of age) who could read, write, and understand English; had no cognitive limitations; had a primary cancer of breast, lung, colon/rectum, prostate, upper gastrointestinal tract, or ovaries; and were diagnosed with metastatic disease in the past month or had clinical evidence of progressive metastatic disease. Patients were excluded if they had local recurrence, but no evidence of metastatic disease; had a prognosis of

4 months as determined by their clinician; or had physical or cognitive impairments that precluded participation in the 15-minute survey. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of Queensland University of Technology and the two participating hospitals.

Research staff liaised with clinical staff to identify potentially eligible patients, using a standard screening assessment sheet. All patients provided written consent prior to completing the study questionnaires. Of 306 patients approached, 218 patients were recruited (71.2% response rate). Reasons for non-participation included: a clinician assessed that patients were not well enough to participate (27.9%), prognosis

4 months (22%), limited English (18.7%), patient was currently participating in another study (18.4%), and physically or cognitively unable to participate (13%). The questionnaire was completed during a 20 minute face-to-face interview conducted by trained interviewers with nursing or psychology backgrounds. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from medical record reviews.

FPS study

This longitudinal study evaluated multiple symptoms in patients who underwent primary or adjuvant RT. Patients were recruited from two RT departments located in a Comprehensive Cancer Center and a community-based oncology program at the time of the patient’s simulation visit. Patients were eligible to participate if they: were

≥

18 years of age; were scheduled to receive primary or adjuvant RT for one of four cancer diagnoses (i.e., breast, prostate, lung, brain); were able to read, write, and understand English; gave written informed consent; and had a Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score of

≥

60. Patients were excluded if they had: metastatic disease, more than one cancer diagnosis, or a diagnosed sleep disorder.

A total of 472 patients were approached and 185 consented to participate (response rate of 34%). The primary reasons for refusal were being overwhelmed or too busy. The study was approved by the Committee on Human Research at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and at the second site. At the time of the simulation visit (i.e., approximately one week prior to the initiation of RT), patients were approached by a research nurse to discuss participation in the study. After obtaining written informed consent, patients completed the study questionnaires. In addition, medical records were reviewed for disease and treatment information.

Symptom prevalence study

This descriptive, cross-sectional study used self-report questionnaires to obtain information from a convenience sample of oncology outpatients. Patients were recruited from four outpatient settings in Northern California, including a university-based Cancer Center, a Veterans Affairs facility, and two community-based outpatient clinics. Patients were eligible to participate if they were > 18 years of age; were able to read, write, and understand English; gave written, informed consent; had KPS scores of ≥ 50; and were receiving active cancer treatment.

A total of 310 patients were approached and 206 consented to participate (response rate of 66%). The primary reasons for refusal were that a patient was too ill to participate (80%), too busy (15%), or not interested in the research study (5%). Patients who agreed to participate provided written informed consent and were given a copy of the questionnaire booklet. They completed the study questionnaires in their home and returned them to the research office using a postage paid envelope. The study was approved by the Committee on Human Research at UCSF and at each of the study sites.

Instruments

Demographic and clinical characteristics

Demographic information on age, gender, marital status, and living arrangements were obtained at enrollment. Because of differences in the educational systems in Australia and the United States, data on education were recoded into a dichotomous variable (i.e., no post high school versus post high school education). In addition, patients’ medical records were reviewed for cancer diagnosis, presence of metastatic disease, and current treatment regimens (i.e., none, CTX, RT, or both CTX and RT).

In the Australian study, patient’s functional status was rated by their clinician using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status score that ranges from 0 (fully active) to 4 (disabled) [32]. In the United States studies, patients rated their functional status using the KPS scale that ranged from 30 (I feel severely disabled and need to be hospitalized) to 100 (I feel normal; I have no complaints or symptoms). The KPS scale is widely used to evaluate functional status in patients with cancer and has well established validity and reliability. Based on the recommendations of Verger and colleagues [33], the KPS scores were converted to ECOG scores for use in subsequent analyses.

Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS)

All three studies used the MSAS to evaluate the occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress of 32 symptoms commonly associated with cancer and its treatment [26]. The MSAS is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the multidimensional experience of symptoms. Using the MSAS, patients were asked to indicate whether or not they had experienced each symptom in the past week (i.e., symptom occurrence). If they had experienced the symptom, they were asked to rate its frequency of occurrence, severity, and distress. Symptom frequency was evaluated using a 4-point Likert scale (i.e., 1

rarely, 2

occasionally, 3

frequently, 4

almost constantly). Symptom severity was measured using a 4-point Likert scale (i.e., 1

slight, 2

moderate, 3

severe, 4

very severe). Symptom distress was measured using a 5-point Likert scale (i.e., 0

not at all, 1

a little bit, 2

somewhat, 3

quite a bit, 4

very much). Three subscale scores (i.e., physical, psychological, global distress index) and a total MSAS score were calculated. The reliability and validity of the MSAS is well established in studies of oncology inpatients and outpatients [26,34]. Cronbach’s alphas for the total sample, as well as for patients

60 years and

≥

60 years are as follows: physical subscale (.82, .82, .82), psychological subscale (.81, .80, .77), global distress index (.82, .80, .83), and total MSAS score (.88, .89, .87).

Analysis

The three data sets were combined and data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 and STATA SE Version 12. Descriptive statistics, means, and standard deviations for quantitative variables and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables were generated to describe various patient characteristics. Mean ratings of severity, frequency, and distress were calculated for those patients who reported the symptom. Because previous studies have dichotomized older and younger patients at age 60 [10,30,31], older patients were defined as adults

≥

60 years of age. Independent sample t-tests and Chi Square analyses were used to evaluate for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between the two age groups. Differences between the two age groups in characteristics with multiple levels (i.e., diagnosis, treatment, ECOG Performance Status score) were further examined using post-hoc contrasts with Bonferroni correction.

Logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of increasing age on the occurrence rates of each symptom. Significant differences, between the two age groups (< 60 (younger) and

≥

60 (older) years of age), in the occurrence rates of each symptom were evaluated with binary logistic regression analyses. To examine the differences between the two age groups in the severity, frequency, and distress ratings of each symptom, ordinal logistic regression was utilized. Significant differences, between the two age groups (< 60 (younger) and

≥

60 (older) years of age), in the MSAS subscale and total scores were evaluated with linear regression analyses. For all of the regression analyses, unadjusted and adjusted values (e.g., odds ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals) were generated for each symptom or scale score.

Results

Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between older and younger patients

As shown in Table Table1,1, data from 593 oncology outpatients (i.e., 44.4% were

60 years and 55.6% were

≥

60 years of age) were evaluated. No differences were found across the three studies, in the age distribution of the patients. In addition, no differences were found, across the three studies, in the mean age of the patients (i.e., Symptom Clusters Study

62.2 (± 12.0) years, FPS Study

60.8 (± 12.0) years, Symptom Prevalence Study

60.8 (± 12.4) years; F(2,590)

.994, p

.371). Across the three studies, the age distribution in 10 year increments was: 20 to 29

0.8%, 30 to 39

4.2%, 40 to 49

12.0%, 50 to 59

27.3%, 60 to 69

29.0%, 70 to 79

21.4%, and ≥ 80

5.3%.

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics for the total sample and differences between younger (< 60, n

263) and older (≥ 60, n

330) patients

The mean age of the entire sample was 61.3 (±12.1) years. On average, younger patients were 50.3 (±7.7) and older patients were 70.1 (±6.5) years of age (p

.001). Older patients were: more likely to be male (p

.001); less likely to have finished high school; more likely to have prostate cancer (p

.001); more likely to be receiving RT (p

.001), and more likely to be fully active (p

.04).

Differences in symptom occurrence rates between older and younger patients

Table Table22 provides the symptom occurrence rates for the total sample for each of the MSAS symptoms, as well as the unadjusted and adjusted odds of symptom occurrence as age increases by one year. After controlling for significant covariates (i.e., gender, education, diagnosis, treatment, and ECOG performance status), as age increased, significantly lower occurrence rates were reported for difficulty concentrating, pain, feeling nervous, nausea, difficulty sleeping, feeling bloated, vomiting, feeling sad, sweats, worrying, problems with sexual interest, feeling irritable, I don’t look like myself, and changes in skin.

Table 2

Symptom occurrence rates for the total sample and odds of symptom occurrence as age increases by one year

As shown in Table Table3,3, after controlling for significant covariates, differences in occurrence rates between the two age groups were found for 15 (46.9%) of the 32 MSAS symptoms. Older patients reported significantly lower occurrence rates for difficulty concentrating, pain, feeling nervous, nausea, feeling drowsy, difficulty sleeping, feeling bloated, vomiting, feeling sad, sweats, worrying, problems with sexual interest, feeling irritable, I don’t look like myself, and changes in skin.

Table 3

Differences in symptom OCCURRENCE rates between younger (< 60, n

263) and older (≥ 60, n

330) patients

Differences in symptom severity ratings between older and younger patients

As shown in Table Table4,4, after controlling for significant covariates, differences in severity scores were found for 6 (18.9%) of the 32 MSAS symptoms. Older patients reported significantly lower severity scores for dry mouth, feeling drowsy, feeling sad, sweats, worrying, and I don’t look like myself.

Table 4

Differences in SEVERITY ratings between younger (< 60, n

263) and older (≥ 60, n

330) patients

Differences in symptom frequency ratings between older and younger patients

As shown in Table Table5,5, after controlling for significant covariates, differences in frequency scores were found for 4 (12.5%) of the 32 MSAS symptoms. Older patients reported significantly lower frequency scores for feeling nervous, dry mouth, nausea, and feeling bloated.

Table 5

Differences in FREQUENCY ratings between younger (< 60, n

263) and older (≥ 60, n

330) patients

Differences in symptom distress ratings between older and younger patients

As shown in Table Table6,6, after controlling for significant covariates, differences in distress scores were found for 14 (43.8%) of the 32 MSAS symptoms. Older patients reported significantly lower distress scores for pain, lack of energy, cough, dry mouth, nausea, feeling drowsy, difficulty sleeping, feeling bloated, feeling sad, sweats, worrying, hair loss, I don’t look like myself, and changes in skin.

Table 6

Differences in DISTRESS ratings between younger (< 60, n

263) and older (≥ 60, n

330) patients

Differences in MSAS subscale and total scores between younger and older patients

As shown in Table Table7,7, after controlling for significant covariates, older patients reported significantly lower scores on all of the MSAS subscales, as well as on the MSAS total score.

Table 7

Differences in subscale and total scores on the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS) between younger (<60, n

263) and older (≥ 60, n

330) patients

Differences in rankings of symptoms with highest occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress ratings between older and younger patients

Table Table88 provides a summary of the differences in the rankings of the various symptom dimensions (i.e., occurrence, severity, frequency, distress) for the top 10 symptoms between older and younger patients. For symptom occurrence, the four most prevalent symptoms (i.e., lack of energy, pain, feeling drowsy, difficulty sleeping) were the same for both age groups. Eight of 10 symptoms (80%) were in the top 10 for both age groups. Feeling sad and sweats were unique to younger patients. Problems with urination, cough, and shortness of breath were unique to older patients.

Table 8

Differences between younger (< 60, n

263) and older (≥ 60, n

330) patients in rankings of symptoms with the highest occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress ratings

For symptom severity, the four most severe symptoms (i.e., problems with sexual interest, hair loss, constipation, difficulty sleeping) were the same for both age groups. Seven of 10 symptoms (70%) were in the top 10 for both age groups. Sweats, I don’t look like myself, and worrying were unique to younger patients. Problems with urination, shortness of breath, and lack of appetite were unique to older patients.

For symptom frequency, the three most frequent symptoms (i.e., problems with sexual interest, hair loss, lack of energy) were the same for both age groups. Seven of 10 symptoms (70%) were in the top 10 for both age groups. Dry mouth, I don’t look like myself, and changes in skin were unique to younger patients. Problems with urination, lack of appetite, and changes in taste were unique to older patients.

For symptom distress, two symptoms (i.e., problems with sexual interest, constipation) were ranked as the first or second most distressing symptom in the two age groups. Six of 10 symptoms (60%) were in the top 10 for both age groups. Nausea, feeling bloated, feeling sad, and I don’t look like myself were unique to younger patients. Problems with urination, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, and swelling of arms or legs were unique to older patients.

Discussion

This study is the first to evaluate for differences in multiple dimensions of the symptom experience (i.e., occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress) between older and younger adults undergoing active treatment for cancer. The majority of the age differences were found in ratings of symptom occurrence with older patients reporting significantly lower occurrence rates for 15 (46.9%) of the MSAS symptoms. While fewer age-related differences were found in ratings of symptom severity, frequency, and distress, for younger and older patients who reported a specific symptom, a similar pattern was found across all three dimensions, namely when differences occurred older patients reported significantly lower ratings.

While this secondary analysis provides interesting and important data on age-related differences in various dimensions of the symptom experience in a very large sample of oncology patients, several limitations need to be acknowledged before our findings are placed within the context of an extremely limited literature. First, detailed information was not available on the exact number or specific types of comorbidities these patients experienced. In addition, specific details on the doses of CTX and RT received by these patients were not collected for these studies. Despite these limitations, findings from this initial analysis can be used to generate testable hypotheses for future research.

For almost 50% of the MSAS symptoms, older patients reported significantly lower occurrence rates. However, eight of the eleven symptoms with the highest occurrence rates were identical in the two age groups (i.e., lack of energy, pain, feeling drowsy, difficulty sleeping, dry mouth, difficulty concentrating, worrying, feeling irritable). Consistent with previous studies of multiple symptoms [15,35-39], these eight symptoms are among the most common symptoms reported by oncology patients regardless of cancer diagnosis, stage of disease, and/or cancer treatment. Since these eight symptom occurrence rates exhibit a similar distribution pattern in both age groups, one plausible hypothesis for the significantly lower occurrence rates for six of these symptoms in older patients (no difference in lack of energy or dry mouth) is that older patients received lower doses of CTX or RT [3,12,14,40]. An equally plausible hypothesis is that older patients received comparable doses of therapy. However, because of age-related changes in a number of biological processes [41] and/or a variety of psychosocial factors [42,43], older patients reported lower symptom occurrence rates. For example, age-related changes may occur in the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis (HPA) that mediate the occurrence and severity of the most common cancer-related symptoms [44].

Another plausible hypothesis for the lower symptom occurrence rates in older patients is that older persons may experience a “response shift” in their perception of symptoms. A “response shift” is defined as an age-related psychological shift that represents a change in a person’s internal framework for the assessment of experiences [45]. This concept was first used in oncology to describe changes over time in QOL [46]. In the context of older patients’ reports of symptoms, these individuals may have experienced an internal reconceptualization of their symptom experience based on their lifetime experience with symptoms or their experience with symptoms from other chronic medical conditions [45]. In addition, based on studies of barriers to pain assessment and management in older adults [47], older patients tend to under-report pain because: they view it as a normal part of aging; they are concerned that if they report pain it will distract their clinician from treating their cancer; they are fearful about additional diagnostic tests and their associated costs; or they are worried about additional treatments (e.g., opioid analgesics for pain) and associated adverse events [11,48,49]. It is plausible that these same barriers contribute to under-reporting of other symptoms in older adults. Cough and shortness of breath were among the top most frequently occurring symptoms only in the older age group. In contrast, feeling sad and sweats were unique to the younger age group. These differences in patterns of occurrence warrant investigation in future studies.

For older and younger patients who reported a specific symptom, severity ratings for the majority of the symptoms were mild to moderate. For all but six symptoms (i.e., dry mouth, feeling drowsy, feeling sad, sweats, worrying, I don’t look like myself), no age-related differences in severity scores were reported (see Table Table3).3). In addition to the hypotheses stated above, several potential explanations for the lack of differences in symptom severity ratings warrant consideration. If younger patients received higher doses of RT and/or CTX than older patients, one would expect higher symptom severity scores in the younger group. One potential explanation for the equivalent symptom severity scores is that younger patients received more aggressive symptom management than older patients. This hypothesis is supported by studies that found that older patients receive lower doses of opioid analgesics than younger patients with comparable pain severity scores [50,51].

In terms of the occurrence rates for specific symptoms (see Table Table8),8), seven of the ten symptoms with the highest severity ratings were the same in both age groups (i.e., problems with sexual interest, hair loss, constipation, difficulty sleeping, swelling of arms or legs, lack of energy, pain). A similar pattern for the most severe symptoms across age groups suggests that these symptoms are common across cancer treatments. The age differential in terms of actual severity ratings may be related to dose reductions in the elderly or due to other biological or psychological mechanisms described above. Similar hypotheses could be proposed to explain the age-related differences in the symptom frequency ratings.

While a “response shift” in older persons’ perceptions of their symptoms is a plausible explanation for the lower occurrence rates for over 50% of the MSAS symptoms, one might ask why this same hypothesis does not seem to apply for the other dimensions of the symptom experience. One reason that a “response shift” may not be as evident in patients’ ratings of symptom severity, frequency, and distress is that the age group comparisons for these three dimensions were done with only patients who reported the symptom. To verify this hypothesis, differences in symptom severity scores between older and younger patients were re-analyzed with the inclusion of patients who did not report each symptom (i.e., symptom severity scores ranged from 0 to 4 instead of from 1 to 4). In these analyses, compared to younger patients, older patients reported significantly lower severity scores for: difficulty concentrating, pain, lack of energy, feeling nervous, nausea, feeling drowsy, difficulty sleeping, feeling bloated, vomiting, feeling sad, problems with sexual interest, feeling irritable, worrying, I don’t look like myself, and changes in skin. This finding suggests that in older patients who develop a symptom as a result of their cancer or its treatment, they experience it with a similar severity as younger patients. The reasons why some older patients do and do not experience cancer symptoms warrants investigation in future studies.

Besides occurrence, the largest number of age-related differences were found in the symptom distress ratings (i.e., for 43.8% of the symptoms, older patients reported significantly lower ratings). Symptom distress is defined as the degree or amount of physical or mental upset, anguish, or suffering experienced from a specific symptom [26,52]. In one review [39], out of 22 studies that assessed multiple symptoms in cancer patients, only seven (31.8%) assessed distress. Of those seven, three used the MSAS [39]. While no studies were found that evaluated for age differences in MSAS symptom distress ratings, the symptoms with the highest distress ratings in our study are comparable to those found in other studies that used the MSAS [53-55].

As shown in Table Table8,8, six of the ten most distressing symptoms were the same in both age groups (i.e., constipation, problems with sexual interest, lack of energy, pain, difficulty sleeping, worrying). Problems with urination, difficulty swallowing, swelling of the arms or legs, and shortness of breath were among the top most distressing symptoms in the older age group. In contrast, I don’t look like myself, feeling sad, feeling bloated, and nausea were unique to the younger age group. These differences in distress patterns warrant additional research.

Of note, no age-related differences were found in symptom distress ratings for constipation and problems with sexual interest. These two symptoms which occurred in approximately 30% of the patients in both age groups warrant a careful assessment because when they do occur, they are severe, occur frequently, and are distressing not only to older patients, but to younger patients as well.

A surprising finding in this study was that a significantly higher percentage (26%) of older patients reported being fully active compared to younger patients (15.8%). While older individuals in the general population are more likely to report poorer functional status than younger individuals [56], the higher functional status in the older patients in this study may be attributed to lower recruitment rates among the oldest old. An alternative explanation is that younger patients received higher doses of CTX or RT that had a negative impact on their functional status.

Despite the limitations enumerated earlier in the discussion, findings from this study provide valuable information to guide clinical practice and research. As shown in Table Table8,8, across all four symptom dimensions, the most common, severe, frequent, and distressing symptoms are similar for both age groups. What differs is the magnitude estimation for each dimension, with older persons reporting lower rates of occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress for some symptoms. Because the age-related differences in symptom severity, frequency, and distress scores were small, additional research is warranted within each age group to determine the impact of each dimension of a symptom on younger and older patients’ functional status and QOL.

The findings summarized in Table Table88 provide new information on symptoms with the highest occurrence, severity, frequency and distress ratings in both age groups. This information can be used by clinicians to guide their multidimensional symptom assessments of older oncology patients. Future research needs to focus on a detailed evaluation of patient (i.e., phenotypic and genotypic characteristics) and clinical characteristics that explain the age differences in the various dimensions of the symptom experience described in this study.

Conclusions

Abbreviations

CTX: Chemotherapy; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; FPS: Fatigue, Pain, and Sleep; HPA: Hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis; MSAS: Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale; QOL: Quality of life; RT: Radiation therapy; UCSF: University of California, San Francisco.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

JC drafted the manuscript, and participated in the interpretation of the data. SP combined the datasets, conducted data analyses, and contributed to the interpretation of the data, and the critical revision of the manuscript. BC conducted analyses and participated in the critical revision of the manuscript. HS contributed to the analysis, the interpretation of the data, and critical revision of the manuscript. KA, BA, VB, JM, and LD contributed to the interpretation of the data, and the critical revision of the manuscript, and CR participated in the critical revision of the manuscript. PY and CM conceived the concept and study design, coordinated the study, and contributed to the interpretation, drafting, and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Pre-publication history

The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/13/6/prepub

Acknowledgements

This collaborative project was funded by Atlantic Philanthropies, and a Queensland University of Technology Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Human Health and Wellbeing Collaborative Grant Scheme 2010. The Australian study was funded under a Palliative Care National Health and Medical Research Council grant. The FPS study was funded by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NR04835).

References

Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61:69–90. doi: 10.3322/caac.20107. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Balducci L. Supportive care in elderly cancer patients. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21:310–317. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32832b4f25. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Townsley C, Pond G, Peloza B, Kok J, Naidoo K, Dale D, Herbert C, Holowaty E, Straus S, Siu L. Analysis of treatment practices for elderly cancer patients in Ontario, Canada. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3802–3810. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.06.742. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Townsley G, Beck S, Watkins J. “Learning to live with it”: coping with the transition to cancer survivorship in older adults. J Aging Stud. 2007;21:93–106. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2006.08.003. [Cross Ref]
Langer CJ. Clinical evidence on the undertreatment of older and poor performance patients who have advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Is there a role for targeted therapy in these cohorts? Clin Lung Cancer. 2011;12:272–279. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2011.02.001. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Dale DC. Poor prognosis in elderly patients with cancer: the role of bias and undertreatment. J Support Oncol. 2003;1(suppl 2):11–17. [PubMed]
Bastiaannet E, Portielje JEA, van de Velde CJH, de Craen AJM, van der Velde S, Kuppen PJK, van der Geest LGM, Janssen-Heijnen MLG, Dekkers OM, Westendorp RGJ. Lack of survival gain for elderly women with breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16:415–423. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0234. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Kagan SH. Ageism in cancer care. Sem Oncol Nurs. 2008;24:246–253. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2008.08.004. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Kroenke CH, Rosner B, Chen WY, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Holmes MD. Functional impact of breast cancer by age at diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1849–1856. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.04.173. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Cheung WY, Le LW, Gagliese L, Zimmermann C. Age and gender differences in symptom intensity and symptom clusters among patients with metastatic cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2011;19:417–423. doi: 10.1007/s00520-010-0865-2. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Carreca I, Balducci L. Cancer chemotherapy in the older cancer patient. Urol Oncol. 2009;27:633–642. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.08.006. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Brunello A, Loaldi E, Balducci L. Dose adjustment and supportive care before and during treatment. Cancer Treat Rev. 2009;35:493–498. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.04.009. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Kumar A, Soares H, Balducci L, Djulbegovic B. Treatment tolerance and efficacy in geriatric oncology: a systematic review of phase III randomized trials conducted by five National Cancer Institute-sponsored cooperative groups. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1272–1276. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.2759. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Rose J, O'Toole E, Dawson N, Thomas C, Connors A Jr, Wenger N, Phillips R, Hamel M, Cohen H, Lynn J. Age differences in care practices and outcomes for hospitalized patients with cancer. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:S25–S32. [PubMed]
Mohile SG, Heckler C, Fan L, Mustian K, Jean-Pierre P, Usuki K, Sprod L, Janelsins M, Purnell J, Peppone L. et al. Age-related differences in symptoms and their interference with quality of life in 903 cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. J Geriatr Oncol. 2011;2:225–232. doi: 10.1016/j.jgo.2011.08.002. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Degner L, Sloan J. Symptom distress in newly diagnosed ambulatory cancer patients and as a predictor of survival in lung cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995;10:423–431. doi: 10.1016/0885-3924(95)00056-5. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Yan H, Sellick K. Symptoms, psychological distress, social support, and quality of life of Chinese patients newly diagnosed with gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2004;27:389–399. [PubMed]
Avis NE, Crawford S, Manuel J. Quality of life among younger women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3322–3330. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.130. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Ellis J, Lin J, Walsh A, Lo C, Shepherd FA, Moore M, Li M, Gagliese L, Zimmermann C, Rodin G. Predictors of referral for specialized psychosocial oncology care in patients with metastatic cancer: the contributions of age, distress, and marital status. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:699–705. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.4864. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Graves KD, Arnold SM, Love CL, Kirsh KL, Moore PG, Passik SD. Distress screening in a multidisciplinary lung cancer clinic: prevalence and predictors of clinically significant distress. Lung Cancer. 2007;55:215–224. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.10.001. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Politi MC, Enright TM, Weihs KL. The effects of age and emotional acceptance on distress among breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2007;15:73–79. doi: 10.1007/s00520-006-0098-6. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Goldzweig G, Hubert A, Walach N, Brenner B, Perry S, Andritsch E, Baider L. Gender and psychological distress among middle-and older-aged colorectal cancer patients and their spouses: an unexpected outcome. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2009;70:71–82. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.07.014. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Weiss T, Weinberger MI, Holland J, Nelson C, Moadel A. Falling through the cracks: a review of psychological distress and psychosocial service needs in older Black and Hispanic patients with cancer. J Geriatr Oncol. 2012;3(2):163–173. doi: 10.1016/j.jgo.2011.12.001. [Cross Ref]
Yabroff KR, Lamont EB, Mariotto A, Warren JL, Topor M, Meekins A, Brown ML. Cost of care for elderly cancer patients in the United States. J Nat Cancer Inst. 2008;100:630–641. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djn103. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Smith BD, Smith GL, Hurria A, Hortobagyi GN, Buchholz TA. Future of cancer incidence in the United States: burdens upon an aging, changing nation. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2758–2765. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.8983. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Portenoy RK, Thaler HT, Kornblith AB, McCarthy Lepore J, Friedlander-Klar H, Kiyasu E, Sobel K, Coyle N, Kemeny N, Norton L. The memorial symptom assessment scale: an instrument for the evaluation of symptom prevalence, characteristics and distress. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30:1326–1336. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(94)90182-1. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Kim H, Barsevick A, Tulman L. Predictors of the intensity of symptoms in a cluster in patients with breast cancer. J Nurs Scholar. 2009;41:158–165. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01267.x. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Brant J, Beck S, Dudley W, Cobb P, Pepper G, Miaskowski C. Symptom trajectories in posttreatment cancer survivors. Cancer Nurs. 2010;34:67–77. [PubMed]
Hopwood P, Haviland J, Mills J, Sumo G. The impact of age and clinical factors on quality of life in early breast cancer: an analysis of 2208 women recruited to the UK START Trial (Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy Trial) Breast. 2007;16:241–251. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2006.11.003. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Gagliese L, Jovellanos M, Zimmermann C, Shobbrook C, Warr D, Rodin G. Age-related patterns in adaptation to cancer pain: a mixed method study. Pain Med. 2009;10:1050–1061. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00649.x. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Gagliese L, Melzack R. Age-related differences in the qualities but not the intensity of chronic pain. Pain. 2003;104:597–608. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00117-9. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Zubrod CG, Schneiderman M, Frei E, Brindley C, Gold GL, Shnider B. Appraisal of methods for the study of chemotherapy of cancer in man: comparative therapeutic trial of nitrogen mustard and triethylene thiophosphoramide. J Chron Dis. 1960;11:7–33. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(60)90137-5. [Cross Ref]
Verger E, Salamero M, Conill C. Can Karnofsky performance status be transformed to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scoring scale and vice versa? Eur J Cancer. 1992;28:1328–1330. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(92)90510-9. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Hamilton W, Lancashire R, Sharp D, Peters TJ, Cheng K, Marshall T. The risk of colorectal cancer with symptoms at different ages and between the sexes: a case–control study. BMC Med. 2009;7(1):17. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-7-17. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Stark LL, Tofthagen C, Visovsky C, McMillan SC. The symptom experience of patients with cancer. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2012;14:61–70. doi: 10.1097/NJH.0b013e318236de5c. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Dodd MJ, Miaskowski C, Paul SM. Symptom clusters and their effect on the functional status of patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2001;28:465–470. [PubMed]
Dodd MJ, Miaskowski C, Lee KA. Occurrence of symptom clusters. JNCI Monographs. 2004;32:76–78. [PubMed]
Kim EJ, Dodd M, Aouizerat B, Jahan T, Miaskowski C. A review of the prevalence and impact of multiple symptoms in oncology patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;37:715–736. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.04.018. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Gilbertson-White S, Aouizerat BE, Jahan T, Miaskowski C. A review of the literature on multiple symptoms, their predictors, and associated outcomes in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Support Care. 2011;9:81–102. doi: 10.1017/S147895151000057X. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Hamaker M, Schreurs W, van Slooten H, Uppelschoten J, Smorenburg C. Trends in breast cancer treatment in the elderly at a breast cancer outpatient clinic: guidelines followed better. Ned Tijdsch Geneeskd. 2009;153:A562. [PubMed]
McLachlan AJ, Pont LG. Drug metabolism in older people—a key consideration in achieving optimal outcomes with medicines. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012;67:175–180. [PubMed]
Kahana E, Kahana B, Kelley-Moore J, Adams SA, Hammel R, Kulle D, Brown JA, King C. Toward advocacy in cancer care for older adults: survivors have cautious personal actions but bold advice for others. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:S269–S271. [PubMed]
Lenze EJ, Wetherell JL. A lifespan view of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13:381–399. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Bower JE, Low CA, Moskowitz JT, Sepah S, Epel E. Benefit finding and physical health: positive psychological changes and enhanced allostasis. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2008;2:223–244. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00038.x. [Cross Ref]
Costanzo ES, Ryff CD, Singer BH. Psychosocial adjustment among cancer survivors: findings from a national survey of health and well-being. Health Psycho. 2009;28:147–156. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Schwartz CE, Sprangers MAG. Methodological approaches for assessing response shift in longitudinal health-related quality-of-life research. Soc Sci Med. 1999;48:1531–1548. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00047-7. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Herr K, Titler MG, Schilling ML, Marsh JL, Xie X, Ardery G, Clarke WR, Everett LQ. Evidence-based assessment of acute pain in older adults: current nursing practices and perceived barriers. Clin J Pain. 2004;20:331–340. doi: 10.1097/00002508-200409000-00008. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Pain(PDQ) http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/pain/HealthProfessional/page1.
Ferrell BA. Pain management in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:64–73. [PubMed]
Urban D, Cherny N, Catane R. The management of cancer pain in the elderly. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2010;73:176–183. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.03.008. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Delgado-Guay MO, Bruera E. Management of pain in the older person with cancer. Part 1. Oncology. 2008;22:148–152. [PubMed]
Rhodes VA, Watson PM. Symptom distress–the concept: past and present. Sem Oncol Nurs. 1987;3:242–247. doi: 10.1016/S0749-2081(87)80014-1. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
McMillan SC, Small BJ. Symptom distress and quality of life in patients with cancer newly admitted to hospice home care. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2002;29:1421–1428. doi: 10.1188/02.ONF.1421-1428. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Peters L, Sellick K. Quality of life of cancer patients receiving inpatient and home-based palliative care. J Adv Nurs. 2006;53:524–533. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03754.x. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Rodin G, Zimmermann C, Rydall A, Jones J, Shepherd FA, Moore M, Fruh M, Donner A, Gagliese L. The desire for hastened death in patients with metastatic cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;33:661–675. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.09.034. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Sergi G, Sarti S, Mosele M, Ruggiero E, Imoscopi A, Miotto F, Bolzetta F, Inelmen EM, Manzato E, Coin A. Changes in healthy elderly women's physical performance: a 3-year follow-up. Exp Gerontol. 2011;46:929–933. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.08.008. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

Articles from BMC Cancer are provided here courtesy of
BioMed Central