Prognostic Impact of 18FDG-PET-CT Findings in Clinical Stage III and IIB Breast Cancer

doi:10.1093/jnci/djs451

J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 December 19; 104(24): 1879–1887.

Published online 2012 December 18. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djs451

PMCID: PMC3525816

Prognostic Impact of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT Findings in Clinical Stage III and IIB Breast Cancer

David Groheux, Elif Hindié, Marc Delord, Sylvie Giacchetti, Anne-sophie Hamy, Cédric de Bazelaire, Anne de Roquancourt, Laetitia Vercellino, Marie-Elisabeth Toubert, Pascal Merlet, and Marc Espié

Affiliations of authors:Department of Nuclear Medicine (DG, LV, M-ET, PM), Breast Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Oncology (SG, A-SH, ME), Department of Radiology (CdB), and Department of Pathology (AdR), Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, CHU Bordeaux, University Bordeaux-Segalen, Bordeaux, France (EH); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (MD) and B2T Doctoral School (DG, EH), Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, Paris,, France.

Corresponding author.

Correspondence to: David Groheux, MD, PhD, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 1 Ave Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France (e-mail: dgroheux/at/yahoo.fr).

Received May 1, 2012; Revised September 1, 2012; Accepted September 13, 2012.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract

Background

This study prospectively evaluated the yield of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸FDG-PET-CT) in patients with clinical stages II and III breast cancer and the impact of PET-CT results on prognosis.

Methods

In the course of 71 months, 254 consecutive patients with clinical stages II and III breast cancer (based on clinical examination, mammography, breast magnetic resonance imaging, and locoregional ultrasonography) underwent ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT. The yield was assessed in the whole population and for each American Joint Committee on Cancer subgroup. The prognostic impact of PET-CT findings was analyzed. Tests of statistical significance were two-sided.

Results

¹⁸FDG-PET-CT changed the clinical stage in 77 of 254 patients (30.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 25.0% to 36.2%). It showed unsuspected N3 disease (infraclavicular, supraclavicular, or internal mammary nodes) in 40 patients and distant metastases in 53. PET-CT revealed distant metastases in 2.3% (1 of 44) of clinical stage IIA, 10.7% (6 of 56) of stage IIB, 17.5% (11 of 63) of stage IIIA, 36.5% (27 of 74) of stage IIIB, and 47.1% (8 of 17) of stage IIIC patients. Among 189 patients with clinical stage IIB or higher disease and adequate follow-up, disease-specific survival was statistically significantly shorter in the 47 patients scored M1 on ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT in comparison with those scored M0, with a three-year disease-specific survival of 57% vs 88% (P < .001). In multivariable analysis, only distant disease on PET-CT and triple-negative phenotype were statistically significant prognostic factors. The relative risk of death was 26.60 (95% CI = 6.60 to 102.62) for M1 vs M0 patients.

Conclusions

The yield of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT appeared substantial in patients with clinical stage IIB or higher breast cancer. In these patients, ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT provided powerful prognostic stratification.

Several studies have pointed out the limited value of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸FDG-PET-CT) in staging breast cancer patients with tumors less than 2cm and no palpable nodes (clinical T1N0, stage I), which currently represents the majority of newly diagnosed cases (1,2). Low sensitivity of PET, compared with the sentinel node technique, in assessing axillary lymph node involvement is well known (3), and the risk of distant metastases is low in early stage disease. The case might be different for higher-risk categories. Many reports have documented the value of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT in stage III patients with locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer (4–6). In all these studies, the yield from ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT as a single procedure was higher than that offered by a conventional staging approach combining bone scan (BS), chest imaging (chest x-ray or CT), and abdominal imaging (liver ultrasound or contrast-enhanced CT). Some recent studies have suggested that PET-CT might also be valuable in stage II disease (7–12). However, the precise subgroups of patients in whom PET-CT could be useful are not clearly defined.

This prospective study examined the yield of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT in a population of 254 patients with clinical stage II or III breast cancer, as well as in each specific substage (IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC). The impact of PET-CT findings on patient’s outcome was also examined.

Methods

Study Design

This single-institution prospective study (protocol “Asaint”) included consecutive patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy-proven breast cancer and clinical stage II or III disease seen at the Breast Diseases Unit at Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France, between January 2006 and November 2011. Clinical stage was based on clinical examination, mammography, breast magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound of breast and locoregional nodal basins.

¹⁸FDG-PET-CT in breast cancer greater than 2cm is optional in France (13) and part of routine clinical practice in our institution. Patients staged node positive after sentinel node biopsy were not included. Other exclusion criteria were previous history of breast or other cancer, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, and age younger than 18 years.

The main objective was to determine the percentage of stage modification resulting from the use of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT as a single procedure in the population with stages II and III disease and within each American Joint Committee on Cancer subgroup (IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC). Other objectives were the yield in distant metastases, the yield in N3 disease, and the prognostic impact of these findings on survival.

Sample size was calculated for the main objective (stage modification) assuming the following three hypotheses: 1) distant metastases or unsuspected N3 disease (infraclavicular, supraclavicular, or internal mammary nodes) are meaningful findings; 2) stage modification refers to clinical staging (in order to minimize radiation exposure and costs, ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT would be a substitute to other distant workup, not an additional procedure); and 3) in early studies, based on PET alone instruments, unsuspected lesions were uncovered in about 20% (10%–30%) of patients (14–17). With this projected yield, it was estimated that inclusion of 250 patients would allow measuring the true yield within a 95% confidence interval (CI) not wider than 10% (true yield ±5%). The population included five clinical substages, and equal partition was used for simplification. In a subgroup of 50 patients, the yield would be measured with a confidence interval of plus or minus 10%.

¹⁸FDG-PET-CT was performed before any treatment. Findings from ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT were used together with results from other staging procedures to adapt treatment as judged appropriate by the institutional multidisciplinary team.

Informed consent was obtained before ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT imaging, and the study followed the guidelines of the institutional ethical committee.

Histology and Immunohistochemistry Analysis

It was performed on the core needle biopsy before any neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Tumor grade used the modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson system. Tumors were estrogen receptor positive if showing moderate or high positivity of at least 10% of cells. The same criteria were used for progesterone receptor. Tumors were human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive if more than 30% of cells showed definite membrane staining. Control by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or silver-enhanced in situ hybridization (SISH) was done for ambiguous cases. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors and does not overexpress HER2.

¹⁸FDG-PET-CT Imaging

Patients fasted 6 hours, and blood glucose level had to be less than 7 mmol/L. ¹⁸FDG (5 MBq/kg, not exceeding 500 MBq) was injected in the arm opposite to the tumor. Imaging was performed 60 minutes later, from midthigh level to the base of the skull with the arms raised, on a Gemini XL PET-CT (germanium oxyorthosilicate–based PET + 16-slice CT; Philips). CT data was acquired without contrast enhancement and using the following parameters: 120kV; 100 mAs; pitch, 0.81; and slice thickness, 2.5mm. PET data was collected in a three-dimensional mode, with 2 minutes per table position, and reconstructed.

PET-CT Interpretation and Modification in Staging

¹⁸FDG uptake, findings on the CT part of PET-CT, and fusion images were considered altogether. PET-CT was read by two nuclear medicine physicians (D. Groheux and E. Hindié). If interpretation differed, consensus was reached with the help of a third reader.

Lymph node interpretation considered any well-defined focus with ¹⁸FDG uptake clearly higher than surrounding background (18). Anatomic location on PET-CT was based on American Joint Committee on Cancer classification (1). For distant metastases, form and intensity of ¹⁸FDG uptake as well as CT findings were considered altogether. Bone evaluation was performed as described by Nakamoto (19). ¹⁸FDG uptake corresponding to degenerative findings on the underlying CT (eg, on facet articulation) and uptake in a rib fracture with a history of trauma were considered non-suspicious. However, high uptake on a classic area of metastasis (eg, body of a vertebra, pedicle, long bone) was considered malignant even if the CT part showed subtle or no changes, in agreement with the well-known high sensitivity of ¹⁸FDG-PET compared with CT for early bone marrow involvement (19). For lung evaluation, we considered pulmonary nodule(s) with high ¹⁸FDG uptake or the presence of multiple small angiocentric nodules on the CT part (even in the absence of high FDG uptake) to be suspicious.

Nuclear physicians were blind to any other systemic imaging that could have been ordered in parallel (bone scan, chest x-ray or CT, liver ultrasound, or abdominal-pelvic CT). The choice of conventional procedures was at the discretion of oncologists. Bone scan was routinely performed.

Infraclavicular and supraclavicular N3 disease received ultrasound-directed biopsy. Internal mammary nodes were not routinely biopsied because of the small risk of pneumothorax or bleeding. In early studies, ¹⁸FDG uptake in the internal mammary basin was predictive of tumor involvement (16).

Distant involvement was confirmed by biopsy, especially in the case of oligometastases. If biopsy proved difficult to perform, conventional imaging and additional directed radiological studies were helpful. ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT findings were compared with BS and magnetic resonance imaging for bone lesions; with dedicated CT for lung and pleura; and with contrast-enhanced CT, ultrasound, and/or magnetic resonance imaging for liver lesions.

Modification in staging resulting from ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT was compared with clinical stage.

Outcome Evaluation

Disease-specific survival (DSS) was determined as the percentage of patients who had not died from breast cancer as of April 2012. The start of treatment was used as the beginning of follow-up. Patients had follow-up visits every 4 months for 2 years, then twice yearly.

Statistical Analysis

All statistical tests were two-sided. P values less than .05 were considered statistically significant.

The Fisher exact test was used to evaluate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Log-rank test was used to compare survivals of patients with and without distant metastases on ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT. Impact of N3 status on DSS was also assessed.

Relative risk and statistical significance of prognostic factors in regards to DSS were first assessed by univariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model and log-rank test. Variables showing poor statistical significance were discarded from the multivariable model. Finally, subgroups of phenotypes showing statistically homogeneous survival were merged. The Cox proportional hazard assumption was checked by testing the hypothesis of non-correlation between survival times and the scaled Schoenfeld residuals. When needed, the Cox proportional hazard model was stratified in order to maintain the Cox proportionality hazard assumption. Analyses were performed using R 2.12.0 statistical software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Results

This study included 254 patients. The main characteristics of the patients are outlined in Table 1.

Table 1.

Characteristics of patients and tumors at diagnosis*

PET-CT Findings in the Whole Population

¹⁸FDG-PET-CT was positive in all 17 patients with known N3 nodes (clinical stage IIIC) and revealed unsuspected N3 disease (infraclavicular, supraclavicular, or internal mammary nodes) in 40 additional patients (17%).

Distant metastases were uncovered by ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT in 53 patients (20.8%; 95% CI = 16.3% to 26.3%). Sites of involvement were bone (n = 35), distant lymph nodes (n = 20), liver (n = 13), lung (n = 9), and pleura (n = 2). Twenty-one women had distant lesions at more than one site.

Twenty-five patients with multiple metastases received confirmation by more than one image modality. Twenty-one patients, mostly with oligometastatic disease, received confirmation by biopsy or surgery. In seven cases, biopsy was not feasible, and these patients were considered M1 on the basis of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT.

Altogether, ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT changed staging in 77 of 254 patients (30.3%; 95% CI = 25.0% to 36.2%). Figures 1 and and22 show two examples.

Figure 1.

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸FDG-PET-CT) findings in a 63-year-old woman with a 90-mm invasive mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma of the left breast (tumor phenotype = estrogen receptor positive, human epidermal growth (more ...)

Figure 2.

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸FDG-PET-CT) findings at initial staging in a 45-year-old woman with a 60-mm invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast (tumor phenotype = estrogen receptor positive, human epidermal (more ...)

Considering ancillary findings, ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT depicted a second primary cancer in three patients (lung, n = 1; thyroid, n = 1; colon, n = 1).

Comparison With Conventional Workup

Out of the 53 patients with distant metastases uncovered by ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT, 23 (43%) were reported negative on unguided conventional workup. However, conventional imaging workup was not homogeneous. Nevertheless, all patients received BS in our department so that a direct comparison could be performed. ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT was positive in 35 of 36 patients with bone involvement, whereas planar BS was positive in 26. False-positive findings occurred in three patients with ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT and in seven patients with BS because of benign osteo-articular lesions. ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT outperformed BS, with four misclassifications vs 17 for BS (Fisher exact test, P =.006).

Findings According to Tumor Phenotype and Grade

N3 disease (clinical + PET-detected) was more frequent in patients with grade 3 tumors in comparison with lower grades (29% vs 13%; odds ratio [OR] = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.31 to 5.32; P =.004). The rate of distant metastases did not differ (17% vs 21%; OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 0.68 to 2.72; P =.42) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸FDG-PET-CT) findings according to tumor phenotype and Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) grade*

N3 disease was more frequent in TNBC (28%) and HER2-positive (31%) patients combined than in estrogen receptor–positive and HER2-negative patients (16%) (OR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.11 to 4.15; P =.01). The rates of distant involvement did not differ: TNBCs (16%), HER2 positive (26%), estrogen receptor positive and HER2 negative (22%) (P =.42). However, the sites of involvement differed. TNBC patients and HER2-positive patients had a high proportion of extra-skeletal metastases (Table 2).

Yield of PET-CT According to Clinical Stage

Following ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT imaging, the rates of stage modification in the different clinical American Joint Committee on Cancer subgroups were 4.5% (95% CI = 0% to 10.8%) for stage IIA; 16.1% (95% CI = 6.3% to 25.9%) for stage IIB; 31.7% (95% CI = 20.0% to 43.5%) for stage IIIA; 51.4% (95% CI = 39.7% to 62.9%) for stage IIIB; and 47.1% (95% CI = 22.8% to 71.3%) for stage IIIC (Figure 3, ,AA).

Figure 3.

Yield of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸FDG-PET-CT) according to initial clinical American Joint Committee on Cancer subgroup and tumor nodes metastases subset. A) Percentage of stage modification. B) Percentage (more ...)

Figure 3, ,BB shows the yield in N3 disease, and Figure 3, ,CC shows the yield in distant metastases. The yield in distant metastases increased progressively along subgroups (P <.001; χ² test for trend in proportions). PET-CT revealed distant metastases in 1 of 44 (2.3%; CI = 0 to 6.8%) stage IIA patients, 6 of 56 (10.7%; CI = 2.4% to 18.9%) stage IIB patients, 11 of 63 (17.5%; CI = 7.9% to 27.0%) stage IIIA patients, 27 of 74 (36.5%; CI = 25.3% to 47.7%) stage IIIB patients, and 8 of 17 (47.1%; CI = 22.8% to 71.3%) stage IIIC patients (Figure 3, ,CC).

Stage IIIA is heterogeneous. The rate of distant metastases in T3N1 patients (primary operable) was similar to that in stage IIB (T2N1/T3N0) patients. It was much higher in patients with N2 disease, close to that found in stage IIIB patients (Figure 3, ,DD).

Thus, the yield of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT was limited in patients with stage IIA disease. When considering all other categories combined (stage IIB disease and higher), distant metastases were found in 24.9% of patients (95% CI = 19.4% to 31.0%).

Distant Metastases Detected by PET-CT and Prognosis

The impact on prognosis was examined in patients with clinical stage IIB disease and higher. Full information was available for 189 patients, with a mean follow-up of 23 months. Twenty patients died.

Among these 189 patients with stage IIB and higher, ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT showed distant metastases in 47 patients (24.9%). DSS was shorter in the 47 patients scored M1 on ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT in comparison with those scored M0 (log-rank P <.001), with a 3-year DSS of 57% vs 88% (Figure 4). The impact on survival was present in the locally advanced group as well as in stage IIB and primary operable IIIA (T2N1/T3N0/T3N1) disease (log-rank P <. 001).

Figure 4.

Kaplan–Meier disease-specific survival for 189 patients with clinical stages IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC disease and adequate follow-up. Comparison of patients with and without distant metastases on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed (more ...)

N3 Status and Prognosis

Figure 5, ,AA shows that DSS was shorter in women with N3 status (clinical or PET-detected) (log-rank P =.001). However, distant metastases were more frequent in this group (43% vs 18%; OR = 3.41, 95% CI = 1.61 to 7.28; P <.001). When considering patients without distant metastases, DSS was not statistically significantly different between the 31 patients with N3 disease and the 111 patients without, although the curves show a trend for poorer survival (log-rank P = .16) (Figure 5, ,BB).

Figure 5.

Kaplan–Meier disease-specific survivals for the 189 patients with clinical stages IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC disease. Comparison of patients with and without N3 disease (infraclavicular, supraclavicular, or internal mammary lymph nodes) shown by (more ...)

Univariate and Multivariable Analysis

In univariate analysis, three variables had a negative prognostic impact on DSS: inflammatory breast cancer, triple-negative status, and M1 disease on PET-CT (Table 3). Multivariable analysis showed that two independent variables were statistically significant: TNBC and M1 disease on PET-CT (Table 3). The relative risk of death was 26.60 (95% CI = 6.60 to 102.62) for patients scored M1 on PET-CT vs patients scored M0 and 18.58 (95% CI = 5.24 to 65.85) for patients with TNBC vs patients with other phenotypes combined.

Table 3.

Univariate and multivariable analysis: impact of various clinical and biological factors and of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸FDG-PET-CT) findings on disease-specific survival*

The 52 patients with TNBC showed poorer prognosis, both within the M0 group and the M1 group. Seven of the 142 M0 patients died; five had a triple-negative phenotype. Thirteen of the 47 M1 patients died; seven of these had a triple-negative phenotype.

Discussion

Although the degree of uptake varies depending on histological type, tumor grade, and phenotype, the overwhelming majority of breast tumors are ¹⁸FDG-avid (20).

The aim of this prospective study was to examine the yield of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT as a single examination in a large population of patients with clinical stage II and III breast cancer and in each specific substage. Therefore, nuclear physicians were blind to all conventional imaging studies that could have been ordered in parallel (eg, BS, chest x-ray, CT, liver ultrasound).

Stage modification due to detection of N3 disease (infraclavicular, supraclavicular, or internal mammary nodes) and/or distant metastases occurred in 4.5% of stage IIA patients, 16.1% of stage IIB patients, 31.7% of stage IIIA patients, 51.4% of stage IIIB patients, and 47.1% of stage IIIC patients. We suggested that PET-CT might be justified starting with stage IIB.

The overall low yield in stage IIA (4.5%) might challenge the use in this group if considering cost of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT imaging, increased patient anxiety, potential for delaying care, risk of invasive procedures stimulated by false-positive results, and exposure to ionizing radiation (21). Stage IIA was mainly represented by T2N0 disease; only two patients had T1N1 disease. Sentinel node-positive patients were not included.

The rate of distant metastases uncovered with ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT showed a steady increase across subgroups: 2.3% in stage IIA patients, 10.7% in stage IIB patients, 17.5% in stage IIIA patients, 36.5% in stage IIIB patients, and 47.1% in stage IIIC patients. Within stage IIIA, the risk differed between patients with T3N1 disease and those with N2 disease (Figure 3, ,D).D). Interestingly, management recommendations would usually distinguish between these entities (22).

One advantage of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT is its ability to examine extra-axillary nodes, chest, abdomen, and bone in a single session (4–12). We observed a higher accuracy for ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT compared with planar BS, which is in agreement with reports from Fuster et al. (8) and Morris et al. (23). Not all patients in the present study received chest diagnostic CT or abdominal-pelvic diagnostic CT (or magnetic resonance imaging), making a comparison for other sites of involvement difficult.

The impact of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT findings on prognosis was examined in patients with clinical stage IIB or higher disease. The 3-year DSS was statistically significantly shorter in women who were scored M1 on PET-CT in comparison with those scored M0 (57% vs 88%; P < .001). This impact was also apparent in the subset of patients with stage IIB and primary operable IIIA (T2N1/T3N0/T3N1).

Besides prognostic value, the information from ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT can be helpful in adapting treatment. Early detection of distant metastases might lead to refinement in the type of systemic treatment. It can also lead to local treatments in some patients (eg, liver surgery, radiofrequency ablation, radiation therapy to bone metastases). Detection of N3 disease might influence the extent of surgery and the design of radiation fields (24,25).

In the absence of distant metastases, the prognostic impact of N3 disease did not reach statistical significance (P =.16). A possible explanation could be that patients with N3-detected nodes received a more aggressive treatment with curative intent (Figure 1). Patients with supraclavicular metastases were previously categorized as stage IV. These patients are potentially curable in the era of multimodality imaging and therapy (24–26).

In a multivariable analysis, two independent prognostic variables were highly statistically significant: M1-disease on ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT and a triple-negative phenotype. Findings that patients with TNBC are at high risk, even in the absence of distant metastases on initial PET-CT staging, reinforces the feeling that monitoring tumor response during neoadjuvant chemotherapy is needed (27).

The proportion of extra-skeletal metastases in patients with TNBC was high (Table 2). TNBC is more likely to metastasize to viscera, particularly lungs, brain, and liver (28). In that regard, it is important to note that some patients with isolated brain metastases might have escaped detection.

Our study has some limitations, mainly resulting from difficulties in performing confirmatory biopsies of distant metastases seen on ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT in every case. The remarkable progression in the yield of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT with advancing clinical stage and the correlation between PET-CT findings and prognosis are strong arguments that the overwhelming majority of patients classified as M+ on the basis of ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT have true-positive metastases.

Another limit is the single-institution design. These results thus need to be validated in independent settings. We checked that our series was representative. Phenotype distribution (TNBC, 27%; HER2-enriched, 20%; estrogen receptor–positive and HER2-negative, 51%) is roughly similar to other reports (29,30).

In conclusion, ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT has substantial yield in breast cancer patients with clinical stage IIB or higher breast cancer, and findings from this examination have prognostic value. It is hoped that the information provided at initial staging might lead to better management of these patients who account for the largest mortality rate from breast cancer.

Notes

The authors are solely responsible for the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. While this study was under way, we lost our colleague, Professor Jean-luc Moretti (1946–2010), head of the Nuclear Medicine Department at Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.

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