Medications at admission included those common for control of diabetes. The patient did not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs and was in a monogamous heterosexual relationship. He worked at an automobile body shop preparing and painting cars and had previously worked as a motorcycle and all-terrain vehicle mechanic. He reported gardening as a hobby and had many indoor and outdoor plants. He also had several dogs in the household but reported no unusual exposure to other animals.

After admission to hospital A, the patient underwent arthrocentesis of the right knee. Culture of the synovial fluid did not yield any bacterial growth, and evidence of infection or crystals was not apparent. A blood specimen was sent for culture and yielded what was initially identified as Escherichia coli by an automated in-house instrument. Sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs was consistent with this bacterium.

Chest radiograph and computerized axial tomography scan with contrast were unremarkable and did not demonstrate evidence of pneumonia. Laboratory tests indicated no sexually transmitted infections. The patient received clindamycin, imipenem, vancomycin, and metronidazole intravenously. After 8 days in hospital A and no resolution of fever or knee pain, he was transferred to hospital B, a large regional hospital, with an initial diagnosis of persistent E. coli sepsis and possible vegetative valve lesions. Transesophageal echocardiogram performed at hospital B did not show vegetative valve lesions.

After admission to hospital B, the patient underwent arthrocentesis of the right knee. Although there was evidence of infection, synovial fluid culture yielded no growth. Blood cultures grew B. pseudomallei identified by an automated in-house instrument. Because initial results were unexpected, blood samples were submitted to a reference laboratory and the Arizona State Public Health Laboratory (Phoenix, AZ, USA) where results confirmed the presence of B. pseudomallei. The bacteria continued to grow in blood cultures for 16 days after initial hospitalization at hospital A on October 7. Cultures of the knee fluid grew B. pseudomallei for 7 days; sputum cultures were positive for 6 days. All cultures were negative 2 weeks before the patient was discharged from hospital B on December 5.

The patient’s hospital course was complicated by respiratory failure that required intubation and ventilation, acute renal failure, pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum, and anemia and hypotension. Fever resolved 21 days after admission to hospital A. Knee swelling persisted for ≈6 weeks. Antimicrobial therapy administered to the patient while he was an inpatient in hospital B included meropenem, moxifloxacin, vancomycin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The patient was discharged with oral doxycycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole to a rehabilitation facility 7 weeks after his initial hospital admission.

Clinical isolates were analyzed to confirm B. pseudomallei infection and to determine the genetic origin of the isolate strain. Specimens from hospital A had been destroyed by the time the patient’s melioidosis was diagnosed, which precluded the possibility of determining whether the presumptive E. coli infection was actual or misdiagnosed. After receipt at the Arizona State Public Health Laboratory, an isolate was submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA) for confirmation, and bacterial DNA was extracted and sent to the Translational Genomics Research Institute (Phoenix, AZ, USA) for genetic characterization. Molecular analyses determined that the isolate strain originated from Southeast Asia, most likely Malaysia, or a nearby country. Serology testing performed 6 weeks post infection demonstrated a B. pseudomallei indirect hemagglutination assay titer of 160; any titer is considered positive in a person living in an area where the disease is nonendemic (2). Serum samples collected early in the course of illness were not available for testing.

The patient and his family were interviewed to determine travel history and possible sources of exposure. No lifetime travel outside of the United States and only limited intrastate and interstate travel were established. The epidemiologic investigation, therefore, focused on the patient’s home and work sites. Possibilities for exposure included occupational exposure to imported vehicle parts, exposure to a person or object from a disease-endemic area, recreational exposure to imported soil or plants, or inoculation with contaminated medication.

Extensive investigation showed no evidence of exposure at the patient’s worksite and no known exposure to any person or objects from a disease-endemic area. We conducted multiple on-site residential investigations, primarily focusing on the patient’s self-reported history of exotic plant repotting. Plant soil and root samples were collected in and around the patient’s home 6 weeks after diagnosis (winter), and 6 months later (summer) and were taken for analysis to the select agent laboratory of Northern Arizona University (Flagstaff, AZ, USA). B. pseudomallei could not be cultured from any of the samples tested.