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BMJ. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 May 18.
Published in final edited form as:
PMCID: PMC3355322
UKMSID: UKMS40466
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Assessing fitness for work and writing a “fit note”
David Coggon and Keith T Palmer
MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Correspondence to: D Coggon MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD UK ; dnc/at/mrc.soton.ac.uk
Contributors: The two authors jointly wrote this paper, and both contributed to the review of background scientific literature. DC is the guarantor.
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This article offers advice on assessing whether patients are ready to return to work after injury or illness and whether job modifications might help them to return
In Great Britain there was a more than sevenfold increase in long term sickness absence for back pain (measured in days of sickness and invalidity benefit payment a year) between the 1950s and the early 1990s1 at a time when the physical demands of work were generally falling. More recently, mental health problems have rapidly overtaken musculoskeletal disorders as the main reason for incapacity.2 Doctors are often asked to advise about fitness for work after illness, injury, or surgery. In particular, general practitioners in the United Kingdom are often required to certify sickness absence so that patients can obtain sick pay or social security benefits. The UK government recently introduced a redesigned Statement of Fitness for Work (“fit note”), which replaced the “sick note” used previously. The new form includes an option not previously available: the doctor can indicate that, although patients are not fit for their normal work, they could work if the job were suitably modified. This article explains why and how doctors might support patients in their return to work, how any helpful modifications to work can be identified within the time constraints of a busy clinic, and how advice on a fit note can usefully be framed.
Occupational hazards are an important preventable cause of injury and disease, and identifying patients whose illness is caused or aggravated by work can lead to more effective clinical management. On the other hand, work can be beneficial for patients. Medicine aims not only to prevent and relieve symptoms but also to optimise people’s functional capacity. In adults of working age, performance of a productive, rewarding job is important to personal esteem and quality of life. Moreover, evidence is accumulating that as well as providing income, employment can directly promote physical and mental health.
Rates of mortality and morbidity are higher in unemployed than employed people3-5; rates of psychiatric illness6-8 and cardiovascular disease9 increase after job loss; psychological distress is reduced when unemployed job seekers find re- employment10-12; and self esteem and psychological health improve in school leavers securing stable employment.13 Findings have been mainly observational and thus may be influenced in part by health related selection for work.14 Nevertheless, a “best evidence synthesis” based largely on a review of systematic reviews concluded that the overall weight of evidence pointed strongly to health benefits from employment.15
When treating patients of working age, doctors should therefore always consider the impact of their illness or injury on their capacity to work, and whether optimal timing of a return to work is an important element of their rehabilitation.
Direct evidence that earlier return to work can accelerate recovery from illness or prevent long term incapacity is limited. One systematic review of experimental and observational studies found strong evidence that duration of “work disability” (encompassing a range of related outcomes such as self reported time to return to work, time in receipt of benefits) was reduced when the job was modified, but no consistent evidence for impact on quality of life.16 A systematic review of workplace rehabilitation for low back pain17 found only one study that assessed early return to work, and this suggested a reduction in pain and disability at six months. Against this, a systematic review of randomised controlled trials concluded that workplace interventions assisting return to work were not effective in improving health outcomes among workers with musculoskeletal disorders.18 And although a cohort study of employees absent from work with mental health problems found that earlier return to work was associated with a more favourable course of symptoms, this may have been because clinical improvement enabled a more rapid return to work.19 Nevertheless, the possibility that optimal timing of a return to work might lead to quicker recovery seems plausible, especially for disorders such as low back pain and acute limb injuries, which systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials have found to benefit from maintained activity20 or early mobilisation.21
A person need not be fully fit to carry out paid work. Many jobs can be performed adequately by people with temporary or permanent health limitations. Inevitably, however, some circumstances arise in which illness or injury prevents work. Fitness for work depends both on attributes of the patient and on the nature of the job (box 1).
Box 1. Factors determining fitness for work
  • Nature and severity of health problem(s)
  • Patient’s attitudes and expectations
  • Physical and mental demands of job
  • Potential for work to exacerbate illness
  • Safety considerations
A patient’s attitudes and expectations can greatly affect capacity for work. Prospective cohort studies of people with various musculoskeletal disorders of the back, arm, or lower limb found that after adjustment for other prognostic variables, the individual’s expectations of recovery were a major predictor of time taken to return to work.22, 23
Work can exacerbate illness in many ways. Dermatitis in a nurse, for example, might be worsened by continual hand washing, and depression in a bank employee worsened by a difficult relationship with his or her manager. Aggravation of symptoms does not necessarily mean that an occupational activity should be avoided, but concern is greater if work contributes to and perpetuates an underlying disease process. It might be unwise, for example, for a plumber who was off work because of knee osteoarthritis to return to a job that required prolonged kneeling.
Sometimes, a health problem precludes work because of risks to the safety of the patient or others. This can occur, for example, when a job involves driving and the medical condition or its treatment could materially impair the patient’s ability to control a vehicle. In the UK, the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency publishes guidance on health requirements for driving.24
Assessing fitness for work
Some patients have health problems that make them unfit for any form of employment in the immediate future (such as multiple fractures from a road traffic accident, hemiplegia after a recent stroke). Others are less severely incapacitated, and in forming a view on their potential to work, a doctor needs to consider the nature and demands of their job (which include travel to and from work) and the scope for modifications that might enable them to work despite their limitations. Box 2 lists a few simple questions that may help in such an assessment.
Box 2. Questions that may be helpful in identifying the need and scope for job modifications
  • What is your job, and what tasks does it involve?
  • Are there aspects of your job that you would find difficult or impossible because of your health problem(s)?
  • If so, are there simple ways in which your job could be changed to overcome these difficulties?
  • Is there another job that you would find easier, to which your employer might move you while you are recovering?
When completing a fit note, the doctor is providing advice to the patient, who may then share it with his or her employer and/or use it as evidence of eligibility for sick pay or social security benefits.
If the patient’s health problem precludes all work and is not expected to resolve within the immediately foreseeable future, the Department for Work and Pensions asks that this assessment be recorded and a date specified for review that reflects the anticipated clinical course (up to three months ahead in the first six months of incapacity, but thereafter the review period can be longer or even indefinite, if clinically appropriate). There is no point in early review if the incapacity for work will not improve materially in the short term. Nor is it mandatory to see the patient before completing the note. When a telephone consultation or reports in the patient’s clinical record provide the necessary information, the doctor’s assessment can be based on these.
If the patient will be incapable of work for a short period (such as after surgery) but should then be able to return directly to his or her normal job, the doctor can indicate that the patient will be unfit for work over the relevant period but that no further assessment is needed thereafter. As a default, the patient would then return to work when the certificate expired. Setting the date for restarting work in the middle rather than at the beginning of a working week may make the transition less daunting for the patient.
When the doctor believes that the patient is incapable of his or her normal job but might be fit for modified work, the form offers an option to record this and to tick boxes recommending consideration of (a) a phased return to work, (b) altered hours, (c) amended duties, or (d) workplace adaptation. These four options are not mutually exclusive, and, if appropriate, more than one can be recommended. It is not essential to use them, but if the patient is recorded as possibly fit for modified work then some form of explanatory comment is required (box 3).
Box 3. Examples of modifications that may help a patient to return to work
Phased return to work
The patient could restart with reduced working hours and build up gradually to normal levels. Working fewer hours each day is usually preferable to fewer days each week
Altered hours
Consider the time of work as well as the number of hours a day—for example, a patient recovering from depression may find early starts especially difficult
Amended duties
Changes in the organisation of work might help: an anxious patient with reduced confidence may benefit from working in a team rather than alone; a secretary with rheumatoid arthritis who found typing difficult could be allocated alternative administrative duties if colleagues were available to share in the work
Changes in job content might help: a patient with back pain may need to avoid prolonged sitting to reduce discomfort; a patient with anxiety or depression may need to avoid tight deadlines; a patient with newly diagnosed insulin dependent diabetes may need to avoid foreign travel temporarily
Workplace adaptation
Changes to seating or other aspects of a work station may be necessary to improve comfort in a patient with back pain
A patient with an arthritic left ankle may need to switch to a car with automatic gears
In providing explanatory comments, doctors should be careful to remain within the limits of their knowledge and competence. Nonetheless, it may often be possible and worth while to offer simple advice to the employer. Such advice is best framed in terms of function—in particular, whether there are activities at work that the patient would find difficult or impossible (such as lifting weights heavier than 10 kg, working to tight deadlines, travelling long distances by car). In addition, it may help to highlight aspects of the job that the employer could consider modifying. However, advice that is too prescriptive may be counterproductive. The employer has more detailed knowledge of the workplace than the doctor and is better placed to identify specific modifications that are feasible. Box 4 gives examples of the types of advice that might be given.
Box 4. Examples of advice for an employer about a patient’s function and possible job modifications
“He should avoid lifting weights greater than 10 kg. Might it be possible for him to transfer temporarily to work in customer service?”
“She should avoid prolonged sitting without breaks. Review of her work station might be useful. She will need time off twice a week to attend physiotherapy”
“She cannot currently drive a car. So that she can use public transport it would help if she could start and finish work a little later than normal”
“He should avoid kneeling and squatting”
“She could manage work that does not involve handling customer complaints”
In some cases, especially where the employer has an occupational health service, the certifying doctor may include a recommendation for specialised occupational health assessment. This might be helpful, for example, in cases where the patient’s job could have contributed to the patient’s health problem.
Employers are not obliged to follow doctors’ recommendations. In some cases, job modifications may not be practical, in which case the patient will be treated as if he or she is unfit for any form of work. However, systematic review suggests that where modifications are feasible they can accelerate return to work.25
Attitudes to work attendance vary widely. Not all aspects of work are pleasant, and some people may enjoy a legitimised opportunity for absence, at least in the short term. Conversely, some individuals have a strong sense of duty and pride themselves on never missing a day’s work, and others try to minimise their absence because they will later have to catch up on tasks left undone.
Such differences in attitude normally become apparent in the course of a consultation, and if the doctor ignores them, he or she could lose the patient’s trust. As with advice to stop smoking or lose weight, a doctor can point out to a patient the advantages to health from being at work, but the information will not always be embraced enthusiastically. A distinction must be drawn between malingering (in which a person falsely claims incapacity) and the more common situation in which, for psychological reasons, a patient is genuinely more incapacitated than another with similar impairment. Doctors should not collude in what they have good reason to believe is malingering. However, they should make due allowance for differences in patients’ attitudes when advising on fitness for work. Sometimes, reluctance to return to work stems from an erroneous perception that doing so will exacerbate the health problem or delay its recovery, in which case the doctor may be able to correct the misapprehension.
​
FURTHER RESOURCES
Department for Work and Pensions. Statement of fitness for work: a guide for general practitioners and other doctors. www.dwp.gov.uk/docs/fitnote-gp-guide.pdf
Healthy Working UK (www.healthyworkinguk.co.uk/)—Website developed with input from the Royal College of General Practitioners, the Faculty of Occupational Medicine, and the Society of Occupational Medicine. Provides training and decision aids to support the management of health and work
E-learning for Healthcare (www.e-lfh.org.uk/projects/healtheworking/index.html)—Part of a programme led by the Department of Health in partnership with the Faculty of Occupational Medicine, the Royal College of General Practitioners, and the Society of Occupational Medicine. Provides six 20-minute interactive training sessions and is accessible by NHS general practitioners as part of the e-GP programme (http://e-lfh.org.uk/projects/egp/index.html). Includes a unit on sickness absence with illustrative case scenarios
Royal College of Surgeons. Get well soon: helping you make a speedy recovery after your surgery (www.rcseng.ac.uk/patient_information/return-to-work)—Guidance on recovery, including return to work, after several common surgical procedures
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Return to fitness: recovering well. (www.rcog.org.uk/recovering-well)—Guidance on recovery after various common gynaecological procedures, including sections on return to work
Until the end of March 2011, free telephone advice on work and health is available for general practitioners: 0800 022 4233 (England), 0800 019 2211 (Scotland), 0800 107 0900 (Wales). This is a service sponsored by the Department for Work and Pensions and delivered by trained occupational health professionals
Footnotes
Competing interests: Both authors have completed the Unified Competing Interest form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
Provenance and peer review: Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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