Two years prior to this admission she noted progressive back pain for several months, and she received an epidural steroid injection. She continued with back pain and presented to an outside hospital. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine showed an epidural mass at the thoracolumbar spine. She underwent debridement of the epidural mass and partial laminectomy of T9 to L3. Intraoperative findings, pathology, and culture revealed an abscess caused by an unidentified species of Fusarium. She was treated with 1 week of intravenous (i.v.) amphotericin B-lipid complex (5 mg/kg every 24 h), followed by 6 months of 400 mg oral posaconazole every 12 h. She improved temporarily but continued to have persistent pain that resulted in the placement of a spinal cord stimulator and a morphine pump. A repeat spinal surgery was planned but was not performed because she sustained a myocardial infarction prior to the surgery. She continued to have pain, had a fall, and ultimately became nonambulatory about 5 months prior to admission and presented to our hospital. There was no bowel or urine incontinence, weight loss, fever, chills, or night sweats. Her medical history also included steroid-induced diabetes which was poorly controlled, hypertension, dyslipidemia, depression, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and morbid obesity.

Physical examination was significant for near paraplegia of the lower extremities, an old healed surgical scar at the thoracolumbar spine, and an unremarkable ophthalmologic and skin examination. Laboratory tests showed a white blood cell count (WBC) of 9,600 cells/μl (range, 4,000 to 10,000), a C-reactive protein level (CRP) of 55 mg/liter (range, 0.3 to 8), and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 73 mm/h (range, 0 to 30). MRI of the spine revealed an epidural mass in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spine, T12 and L1 osteomyelitis, myelitis, and arachnoiditis (MRI taken at a later date shown in Fig. 1A).

The patient underwent a debridement of the epidural mass and a revision laminectomy of T9 to L3. Pathology revealed acute and chronic inflammation with abscess formation and fungal colonies within the bone and the abscess (Fig. 1B). Cultures of debrided tissue were positive for Fusarium (Fig. 1C).

Her isolate was characterized further by subjecting it to two separate three-locus DNA sequence-based typing schemes. The first scheme for placement of an unknown within a species complex within Fusarium included portions of translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB1), and second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) (14). Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of this data set established that her isolate (NRRL 54219) was nested within the Fusarium solani species complex (Fig. 2, solani). As a result, we employed a separate three-locus scheme for typing species/haplotypes within the solani complex (13), which included partial EF-1α, RPB2, and ITS + 28S rDNA sequences. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the data revealed that the vertebral isolate represented a novel haplotype of Fusarium falciforme designated FSSC 3+4qqq. Maximum parsimony bootstrapping (BS) indicated that FSSC 3+4qqq was most closely related to two isolates from Florida (BS = 72%), FSSC 3+4tt from a human eye and FSSC 3+4ww from a turtle (reference 13 and unpublished data). Antifungal susceptibility testing using broth dilution according to NCCLS standard M38-A2 (performed at the Fungus Testing Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio) showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for amphotericin B, voriconazole, and posaconazole of 2, 4, and >16 μg/ml, respectively.

The patient's postoperative course was complicated by a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) wound infection that required additional debridements and eventually delayed primary closure. She regained some strength in her lower extremities after surgical decompression and aggressive physical therapy. She was treated with a combination of 500 mg i.v. liposomal amphotericin B (4.6 mg/kg) every 24 h for 12 weeks and 200 mg oral voriconazole every 12 h for 6 weeks. The oral voriconazole dose was increased to 400 mg every 12 h based on a borderline serum level of 2.6 μg/ml (normal range, 2 to 6 μg/ml). The patient inadvertently began taking oral voriconazole 400 mg three times daily. She developed decreased visual acuity and an elevated alkaline phosphatase level that was seven times the normal level. Her serum voriconazole level was 17 μg/ml (normal range, 1 to 5.5 μg/ml), and the oral dose was decreased to 100 mg every 12 h. A few weeks later, she presented with worsening back pain and weakness of the lower extremities. A repeat MRI showed persistent epidural and intrathecal phlegmon, enhancement of T12 to L3 vertebra, and compression of the conus medullaris (Fig. 1A). She was deemed not to be a surgical candidate and was prescribed long-term i.v. liposomal amphotericin B. However, she was unable to receive home i.v. amphotericin infusions due to nonmedical reasons and was placed on 100 mg oral voriconazole every 12 h indefinitely. With continued physical therapy, she regained some strength in her lower extremities and is ambulating short distances with the assistance of a cane.

Fusarium is a saprobic mold with a panglobal distribution; it represents the most important genus of toxin-producing plant pathogens (8). Although members of this genus rarely cause opportunistic infections in humans, at least 69 Fusarium species have been implicated in mycoses of humans and other animals (12, 14). Members of the F. solani species complex account for almost two-thirds of all fusarioses (13). Of the 20 mycosis-associated species within the F. solani complex, F. falciforme appears to be the most common and genetically diverse, in that it is represented by 68 unique three-locus haplotypes (13, 20). Because most of the species within this complex are morphologically cryptic and lack formal Latin binomials, Chang et al. (4) developed a standardized species complex/species/haplotype nomenclatural system in which capitalized roman letters were used to identify the species complex, Arabic numerals to distinguish each phylogenetically distinct species, and lowercase roman letters to identify each unique three-locus sequence type (ST). Following this system, the etiological agent in the present case report was identified as a novel ST within F. falciforme designated FSSC 3+4qqq.

Infection with Fusarium can mimic aspergillosis; hence, early diagnosis is key to successful treatment. In tissue, the hyphae and septate filaments may appear similar to Aspergillus. Fusarium species can be easily cultured from any site, and it is one of the rare molds that will grow readily from blood cultures. Most isolates can be identified as members of this genus by the production of diagnostic fusiform, multicellular macroconidia in culture; however, with the exception of several species within the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, which can be identified morphologically (reference 15 and references therein), DNA sequencing of a phylogenetically informative locus 1α, such as translation elongation factor is essential for an accurate species-level identification (6, 14). Local debridement and biopsy of bone and culture with histopathologic examination showing septate hyphae are indicative of fungal osteomyelitis. Approximately 40 to 60% of blood cultures are positive for Fusarium in disseminated infections (3). Although a PCR-based method has been developed for the specific detection of Fusarium in tissues and blood (7), this test is not in routine clinical use and it has not been validated using a phylogenetically diverse set of isolates (2).

Fusarium infections in immunocompetent hosts usually result from direct inoculation of skin and soft tissue or ingestion or inhalation of conidia (10, 11). Infection with Fusarium can result in onychomycosis, keratitis, endopthalmitis, and mycetoma. Fusarium keratitis is the most common fungal keratitis worldwide and is typically associated with trauma (5). In contrast to traumatic introduction, the large outbreak of Fusarium keratitis reported in 2006 within the United States appeared to be due to contamination of one particular brand of contact lens solution by end users rather than a common point source during production (4). In our patient, trauma that resulted in a bamboo splinter in the thoracolumbar paraspinal area was the most likely route of inoculation.

Fusarium infections in immunocompromised patients can be acquired via direct inoculation or the sinopulmonary tract. In many cases, the source may remain elusive. Infections may include cellulitis, pneumonia, and fungemia with disseminated skin lesions. Patients at high risk for Fusarium infections include those with hematologic malignancies (3), hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with prolonged neutropenia, organ transplant recipients, and those with graft-versus-host disease (12). Our patient was immunocompromised due to prolonged glucocorticoid use and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.

Fusarium osteomyelitis has been rarely described in the literature. Of the nine cases summarized by Sierra-Hoffman et al. (17), three cases were posttraumatic, four were caused by hematogenous dissemination in leukemic patients, one was postoperative, and one was due to a progressive diabetic foot ulcer. Four of nine cases occurred in immunocompetent hosts. Only one case of vertebral osteomyelitis was reported in a child with diabetes (9). Lower-extremity osteomyelitis caused by Fusarium was treated with a combination of surgical debridement, with or without amputation, and medical approaches (i.e., amphotericin or voriconazole antifungal therapy).

Species of Fusarium are generally resistant to most antifungals (16, 18); however, different species may exhibit various levels of susceptibility to antifungals (1). Fusarium spp. are usually susceptible to amphotericin B, but the MICs can be variable from a range of 0.5 to >16 μg/ml (13). Fusarium spp. generally exhibit high MICs to echinocandins, flucytosine, and azoles, although they may exhibit intermediate susceptibility to voriconazole (MIC, 1 to 8 μg/ml) and posaconazole (1). Correlation between in vitro drug susceptibility and a successful clinical response is unknown, and data on combination antifungal therapy are lacking. Host immune system is the most important factor predicting outcome (12), with high mortality observed in immunocompromised patients (50 to 80%). In all other cases of Fusarium osteomyelitis reported in the literature, death was observed only in immunocompromised leukemic patients (17).