p27Kip1 in Stage III Colon Cancer: Implications for Outcome Following Adjuvant Chemotherapy in CALGB 89803

doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2674

Clin Cancer Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 March 17.

Published in final edited form as:

Clin Cancer Res. 2009 March 15; 15: 2116–2122.

doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2674

PMCID: PMC3059545

NIHMSID: NIHMS236431

p27^Kip1 in Stage III Colon Cancer: Implications for Outcome Following Adjuvant Chemotherapy in CALGB 89803

Monica M. Bertagnolli, MD,^*^1,⁶ Robert S. Warren, MD,^*² Donna Niedzwiecki, PhD,³ Elke Mueller, MD,¹ Carolyn C. Compton, MD, PhD,⁴ Mark Redston, MD,¹ Margaret Hall, MPH,³ Hejin P. Hahn, MD,¹ Scott D. Jewell, PhD,⁵ Robert J. Mayer, MD,⁶ Richard M. Goldberg, MD,⁷ Leonard B. Saltz, MD,⁸ and Massimo Loda, MD^1,⁶

¹Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA

²University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

³CALGB Statistical Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

⁴National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD

⁵Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

⁶Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA

⁷University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC

⁸Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY

Corresponding author: Monica M. Bertagnolli, MD Brigham and Women’s Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115 Ph: (617) 732-8910 F: (617) 582-6177 ; Email: Mbertagnolli/at/partners.org

^*These authors contributed equally to this work.

The publisher's final edited version of this article is available free at Clin Cancer Res

See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.

Abstract

Background

In retrospective studies, loss of p27^Kip1 (p27), a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, has been associated with poor prognosis following colorectal cancer treatment. In a prospective study, we validated this relationship in patients enrolled on a trial of adjuvant chemotherapy for Stage III colon cancer.

Methods

Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) protocol 89803 randomized 1264 stage III colon cancer patients to receive weekly bolus fluorouracil/leucovorin (5FU/LV) or weekly bolus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (IFL). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS); disease-free survival (DFS) was a secondary endpoint. Expression of p27 and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in primary tumor and normal tissue from paraffin blocks. Data were analyzed using logrank test.

Results

Of 601 tumors analyzed, 207 (34.4%) demonstrated p27 loss, 377 (62.8%) retained p27, and 17 (2.8%) were indeterminate. Patients with p27 negative tumors showed reduced OS (5-year 66%; 95%CI 0.59-0.72 vs. 75%; 95%CI 0.70-0.79, logrank p=0.021). This relationship was not influenced by treatment arm. Combination of p27 status with MMR status, however, identified a small subset of patients that may benefit from IFL (n=36; 5-year DFS 81%; 95%CI 0.64-0.98 vs. 47%; 95%CI 0.21-0.72, logrank p=0.042; 5-year OS 81%; 95%CI 0.64-0.98 vs. 60%; 95%CI 0.35-0.85; logrank p=0.128).

Conclusions

Loss of p27 is associated with reduced survival in stage III colon cancer, but by itself does not indicate a significant difference in outcome between patients treated IFL or 5FU-LV.

Keywords: Colorectal cancer, adjuvant therapy, biomarkers

Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, accounting for approximately 49,000 deaths per year (1). CRC treatment depends upon disease stage. Patients with localized disease receive surgery with or without radiation therapy, whereas local treatment combined with systemic chemotherapy is indicated for patients demonstrating locally advanced tumors or tumors with locoregional metastases. In general, patients with distant metastatic disease are managed by chemotherapy alone, although an increasing body of data suggests that a subset of these patients with isolated hepatic or pulmonary metastases achieve a significant 5-year survival when the metastases are resected (2). Unfortunately, even though treatment decisions depend upon disease stage, conventional histopathological staging methods cannot accurately predict disease behavior. For example, approximately 40% of patients with stage III disease will develop recurrence following surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy and aggressive surgery carry morbidities and should ideally only be employed for patients who can benefit from these treatments. The variation in clinical behavior found in the current CRC staging system implies that a significant proportion of patients with CRC are currently either over- or under-treated.

Originally identified in cells whose growth was arrested by TGF-α, p27 is a regulatory element of the cell cycle that suppresses the G1-S transition by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase activity (3-6). Reduced or absent p27 expression is found in many human malignancies, particularly those of epithelial origin (7-10). Human cancer studies showed that loss of p27 protein is rarely due to inactivation or mutation of the p27 gene (6, 11, 12). Instead, most tumors lacking p27 expression demonstrate elevated expression of ubiquitin ligase and cofactor proteins that target p27 for proteosomal degradation (13, 14).

Retrospective studies showed that p27 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in a variety of epithelial tumors, including those of colon, gastric, breast, prostate, and lung origin (7-9). In a study of 149 surgically resected colon cancers, Loda et al found a significantly improved median overall survival (OS) for patients whose tumors expressed p27 in more than 50% of the cells (241 months), compared to those with expression in less than 50% of cells (149 months) or for which p27 expression was absent (69 months) (7). Multivariate analysis showed that both disease stage and p27 expression were independent indicators of overall survival for this cohort. Other small retrospective studies confirmed this result and also found that low p27 levels are more frequent in right-sided colon cancers (15-19) and predict future development of metastatic disease (20, 21).

CALGB Protocol 89803 was a prospective randomized trial comparing adjuvant chemotherapy using 5-FU and leukovorin (FU/LV) to 5-FU, LV and irinotecan (IFL), administered for 32 and 30 weeks, respectively, following the resection of a stage III colon cancer. This trial showed no difference in either DFS or OS between the 5-FU/LV and IFL treatment arms. This trial also prospectively assessed the effect of tumor p27 status by immunohistochemistry upon DFS and OS, and determined the relationship between tumor p27 status and other markers of tumor behavior.

Materials and Methods

Characteristics of Study Population

All patients enrolled on CALGB protocol 89803, had histologically confirmed stage III colon cancer. All patients underwent definitive surgical resection, and started treatment no earlier than 21 days and no later than 56 days following resection. The primary objective was to compare OS between the two treatment arms; DFS was compared as a secondary objective. Additional secondary aims addressed the relationship between tumor-associated risk factors and treatment outcome, and required submission of paraffin blocks containing tumor and normal tissue to the CALGB Pathology Coordinating Office (PCO) at Ohio State University. This protocol was reviewed by the institutional review board of each participating center and all patients gave written informed consent prior to participation.

Trial Structure and Organization

This trial was written and coordinated by CALGB with participation by the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG), National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (NCIC-CTG), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), and the NCI Cancer Trials Support Unit (CTSU). The CALGB data safety monitoring board reviewed safety data semi-annually and efficacy data at protocol specified intervals in accordance with CALGB policies and procedures.

Treatment

Eligible patients were assigned electronically (randomized fixed block) using central registration to receive either IFL or 5FU/LV. The 5FU/LV group received leucovorin 500 mg/m² intravenously over two hours, with a bolus of 5FU 500 mg/m² given by intravenous injection at one hour after initiation of leucovorin. Treatments were scheduled to be administered weekly for six consecutive weeks followed by a two week rest, for a total of four cycles or 32 weeks of total therapy. The IFL group received irinotecan 125 mg/m² over 90 minutes followed immediately by an intravenous bolus injection of leucovorin 20 mg/m² and then 5FU 500 mg m² also by intravenous bolus injection. Treatment was scheduled to be given for four consecutive weeks followed by a two week rest for five cycles or a total of 30 weeks. Further details concerning the treatment portion of this trial have been published previously (22).

Characterization of tumor p27 status

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens from 601 patients out of a total of 1264 enrolled on CALGB protocol 89803 were studied. Central pathology review confirmed the histology of each specimen, and blocks were sectioned at 4μm. Laboratory analysis of tissue specimens was performed without knowledge of the patient’s clinical outcome or treatment regimen.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the presence of p27, MLH1 and MSH2 proteins in primary tumor specimens, using methods described in previous reports (15, 19, 23). Positive controls were provided by examining staining of normal colonic mucosa from each case; tumors known to lack p27, MLH1 or MSH2 were stained concurrently and served as negative controls. A number of different scoring systems have been used for p27 studies (7, 16, 19, 24). In this report, we scored the tumors using a modification of our previous methods that we believe provides best reproducibility, and yields the same outcome result as that using our previous scoring method (data not shown) (7). Nuclear expression of p27 was evaluated in a total of 10 randomly-selected high powered fields per tumor. A tumor cell was counted as p27 positive when its nuclear reaction was equal to or stronger than the reaction in surrounding lymphocytes, which were used as an internal control. All cases were scored as either positive (≥ 10% of tumor cells with strong nuclear staining), negative (<10% of tumor cells with strong nuclear staining), or non-informative (Figure 1). Cases designated as mismatch repair deficient (MMR-D) were those with a negative IHC score for either MLH1 or MSH2, and cases designated mismatch repair intact (MMR-I) retained expression of both proteins. A single study pathologist (E.M.) scored all p27 immunostains. For MLH1 and MSH2, each case was scored by two independent reviewers (CCC, HPH). In cases of disagreement, a third reviewer (MR) examined the case to provide the final score.

Figure 1

Variable p27 expression in stage III colon cancer.

Statistical methods

The goal of this correlative study was to determine whether tumor p27 status predicted treatment outcome for patients with stage III colon cancer. The primary endpoint of this study was OS measured from entry onto the clinical trial until death from any cause. DFS was also considered as a study endpoint. A secondary goal was to determine the relationship between tumor p27 status and MMR status, as determined by IHC. The logrank test was used to make survival comparisons among categories defined by MMR status and within treatment and MMR subgroups. The proportional hazards model was used to make survival comparisons controlling for treatment and other clinico-pathologic factors. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the DFS and OS curves and 5-year survival probabilities. Data were analyzed with continued follow-up for DFS and OS as of March 10, 2008. All statistical analyses were performed by CALGB statisticians.

Results

Clinical and pathological differences between p27 intact and p27 deficient tumors

We examined the relationship between p27 status and other variables associated with tumor behavior (Table 1). Tumors were available for analysis for 601 of a total of 1283 patients randomized to CALGB 89803 . There was no difference between treatment outcome in either experimental arm when patients with available tumors were compared to the entire study cohort (data not shown). Of 601 tumors analyzed, 207 (34.4%) demonstrated loss of p27 expression, 377 (62.8%) retained p27 expression, and 17 (2.8%) were indeterminate. Compared to those with intact p27 by IHC, p27 negative tumors were more likely to be proximal (68.6% vs. 50.9%, p<0.0001). Tumors lacking p27 were also more likely to be poorly differentiated (grade III/IV in 33.3% vs. 18.5%, p<0.0001). The nodal ratio, i.e. the number of positive nodes divided by the total number of nodes examined, was higher for p27 deficient cases (0.33 vs. 0.28, p=0.017) (Table 1). There were no differences between p27 deficient and p27 intact tumors in the proportion of male patients, patient age, or the number of positive nodes per case.

Table 1

Characteristics of the study cohort by p27 status

Loss of p27 is associated with reduced OS and DFS in stage III colon cancer

Comparisons of 5-year DFS and OS for p27 deficient and p27 intact cases are shown in Table 2 and Figure 2. The median duration of follow-up was 6.58 years. Patients enrolled on CALGB 89803 whose tumors were deficient in p27 had a 5-year OS that was 12.0% less in relative terms than those with intact p27 (logrank p=0.021). This same trend was observed for DFS, although the difference was not significant when assessed by the logrank test (9.7% relative decrease at 5 years, p=0.187).

Table 2

Prognostic value of tumor p27 status

Figure 2

Kaplan-Meier plots for DFS and OS comparing patients with p27 intact tumors to those with p27 deficient tumors.

Addition of irinotecan to 5-FU + LV does not improve treatment outcome for patients with p27 deficient tumors

For the 1264 patients treated on CALGB protocol 89803, addition of irinotecan to 5-FU/LV did not improve 5-year DFS or OS (22). We examined the impact of tumor p27 status upon treatment outcome for either 5FU/LV or IFL. The results are presented in Table 3. This analysis showed that p27 intact and p27 deficient tumors responded similarly to adjuvant treatment with 5-FU/LV and IFL.

Table 3A

Relationship between tumor p27 and MMR status

p27 status may help predict OS

In a multivariate analysis of p27 status (intact; deficient), treatment arm (IFL; 5FU/LV), age (years, continuous), gender (male; female), tumor location (distal; proximal), tumor differentiation (grades I/II; grades III/IV), tumor invasion (T1/T2; T3/T4), extracellular mucin (≤ 50%; > 50%), and nodal ratio (number of positive nodes versus number of nodes sampled), only nodal ratio (logrank p<0.0001; HR=3.91) significantly predicted DFS. When predicting OS, nodal ratio (logrank p<0.0001; HR=4.38) and p27 status (logrank p=0.0448; HR=0.742) remained significant at α=0.05.

Relationship between tumor p27 status and microsatellite instability

We determined tumor MMR status using IHC to identify loss of expression of either of two mismatch repair proteins, MLH1 or MSH2. We found no difference in outcome for MMR-D compared to MMR-I tumors (Table 2). In additional studies of this same cohort, we compared tumor IHC and genotyping using Bethesda criteria microsatellite loci (25). This analysis showed that these two methods of identifying mismatch repair deficiency were equivalent for predicting treatment outcome. In this study, we chose MLH1 and MSH2 IHC for study in combination with p27 IHC because results obtained with this common method could be readily applied to clinical practice. Like the p27 deficient tumors examined here, colon cancers that exhibited MMR-D were more likely to be proximally located (91.5% vs 51.3%, p<0.0001) and poorly differentiated (49.0% vs 21.0%, p<0.0001) than those that were MMR-I. Also like p27 deficient tumors, MMR-D cases had a lower nodal ratio than MMR-I cases (0.18 vs. 0.23, p=0.005). MMR status was determined by IHC on 589 tumors for which p27 status was known. The results are shown in Table 3. Tumors deficient in p27 were more likely to be MMR-D than tumors with intact p27 (p=0.0017). Tumors that were MMR-D and p27 intact had the best outcome, with a 19.6% increase in DFS at 5 years (67%; 95% CI 0.52, 0.83 vs 56%; 95% CI 0.48, 0.64, logrank p=0.268), and a 14.1% increase in OS at 5 years (73%; 95% CI 0.58, 0.88 vs 64%; 95% CI 0.56,0.71, logrank p=0.219). This is in comparison to the category with the worst outcome, which included patients with p27 deficient, MMR-I tumors (Table 3 and Figure 3).

Figure 3

Top: Kaplan-Meier plots for DFS and OS for patients with p27 deficient, MMR-D tumors comparing those treated with IFL to those treated with 5FU/LV.

In a previous analysis of this cohort, we showed that patients with MMR-D tumors experienced similar treatment outcome when compared to those whose tumors were MMR-I (25). However, this same prospective study found that patients with MMR-D tumors may be more likely to benefit from IFL. To explore the relationship between the predictive value of tumor MMR determination and the prognostic value of tumor p27 status, we examined treatment outcome for cases from CALGB 89803 for which both p27 and MMR status were known (Table 3). This analysis identified the p27 deficient, MMR-D subset as one that may benefit from the irinotecan-containing regimen, with 72% better 5-year DFS (logrank p=0.042), and 35% better 5-year OS (logrank p=0.128) for the IFL arm (Figure 3).

Discussion

Our results indicate that tumor p27 status is a prognostic factor for patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery for stage III colon cancer, as patients with p27 deficient tumors treated with either FU/LV or IFL had a 5-year OS that was 12% less than those with p27 intact tumors. When the interaction between p27 status and treatment was examined, we found that loss of p27 did not predict improved response to the irinotecan-containing regimen used in this study. As a result, tumor p27 status, taken alone, is not currently useful in guiding choice of adjuvant chemotherapy. However, low levels of p27 in colorectal cancers result from enhanced ubiquitin-dependent degradation of this tumor suppressor, and recent studies identified the ubiquitin ligase, Pirh2, as a major effector of p27 degradation. These studies confirmed an inverse relationship between p27 and Pirh2 expression in colorectal cancer (26), suggesting that selective inhibition of Pirh2 would be beneficial in treating patients with p27 deficient tumors.

In an analysis from the Nurses Health Study and the Health Professional Follow-up Study, Ogino, et. al. examined the relationship between tumor MSI and p27 status for 634 cases of colorectal cancer that developed during prospective follow-up (27). Using a definition of p27 status similar to that employed here, they found that 36.4% of cancers were p27 deficient, and 16.6% exhibited MSI-H (27). MMR status in this study was determined by tumor genotyping to identify high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H), rather than IHC. These investigators found that p27 deficient tumors were more likely to be MSI-H (26.0% p27 deficient/MSI-H, 11.2% p27 deficient/MSS or MSI-L, p<0.001). Our results are consistent with this, as 19.2% of the p27 deficient cases were MMR-D, compared to 9.1% of those with intact p27.

A study of the relationship between treatment outcome and tumor MMR status for this same cohort suggested that MMR-D status predicted improved IFL response, although MMR status was not a significant prognostic factor overall (25). We therefore performed an exploratory analysis combining a prognostic factor (tumor p27 status) with a predictive factor (tumor MMR status). The p27 deficient tumors in this series showed some similarities to those that were MMR-D, as these categories were both associated with proximal location, poorly differentiated histology, and higher nodal ratio. Despite these similar clinicopathologic characteristics, p27 deficient and MMR-D tumors show distinct clinical behavior. While patients with p27 deficient tumors have a worse outcome, those with MMR-D tumors generally have a better prognosis, or at least do not demonstrate the aggressive behavior typical of poorly differentiated cancers (28, 29). In this trial, both treatment arms contained 5FU+LV, and we found no difference in outcome for the MMR-D and MMR-I cases, although there was a trend toward improved 5-year DFS in those with MMR-D tumors (0.67 vs 0.60, p=0.18). In addition, we found that only 18% of tumors that were p27 deficient were also MMR-D. Given these results, we predicted that the best outcome would be observed for patients whose tumors were p27 intact and MMR-D, and the worst outcome for those whose tumors were p27 deficient and MMR-I. This was what we observed for the DFS analysis, although the 19.6% difference in DFS between the categories with the best outcome (p27 intact, MMR-D) and worst outcome (p27 deficient, MMR-I) was not statistically significant (logrank p-value for this comparison = 0.219).

This trial allowed us to explore whether a combination of tumor p27 and MMR status predicted better response to IFL. Although the sample size is small, patients whose tumors were both p27 deficient and MMR-D had a DFS that was improved by 72% (logrank p=0.042) and OS that was improved by 35% (logrank p=0.128) when they received the regimen containing irinotecan. This relationship was not observed in tumors that were p27 intact/MMR-D, p27 intact/MMR-I, or p27 deficient/MMR-I. This subset analysis of a small number of samples in the p27 deficient, MMR-D category (N=36) must be interpreted with caution, however several factors make these data intriguing. First, this study was a pre-specified prospective analysis of both MMR and p27 as markers of disease response and treatment outcome, and is therefore free of the bias inherent in retrospective tumor bank studies. Similarities in marker frequency and tumor location between p27 deficient and MMR-D tumors suggest a biological relationship between these factors. It is possible that this yet unidentified relationship is responsible for enhanced tumor sensitivity to irinotecan.

These results provide important insight into the ways in which prognostic and predictive factors can interact, potentially leading to inaccuracy when single factors are used to predict disease behavior. Tumors that are p27 deficient are less likely to respond to adjuvant chemotherapy, an effect that is largely independent of treatment. However, tumors that are p27 deficient are also somewhat more likely to exhibit MMR-D, a condition that appears to convey a differential response to chemotherapy in this colon cancer adjuvant treatment trial. This study, therefore, illustrates the importance of testing prognostic and predictive factors in large randomized trials where the relationships between treatment and multiple tumor-specific variables can be assessed.

Statement of Translational Relevance

The current AJCC staging system for colon cancer is insufficient, as evidenced by a wide variation in adjuvant treatment outcome among patients with stage III disease. In this prospective study of adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery for stage III colon cancer, we showed that loss of tumor p27 expression is associated with post-treatment disease recurrence. This prognostic result allows clinicians to subdivide stage III colon cancer into high- and low-risk groups, and identifies p27 signaling pathway as a potential target for new agent development.

Table 3B

Prognostic and predictive values of combined p27; MMR variable

Acknowledgments

Funding The research for Cancer and Leukemia Group B protocol 89803 was supported, in part, by Public Health Service grant CA31946 from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, to the CALGB (Richard L. Schilsky, MD, Chairman) and to the CALGB Statistical Center (Stephen George, PhD, CA33601). The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NCI.

Footnotes

The following institutions participated in this study:

Baptist Cancer Institute CCOP, Memphis, TN–Lee S. Schwartzberg, M.D. [CA71323], Christiana Care Health Services, Inc. CCOP, Wilmington, DE–Stephen Grubbs, M.D. [CA45418], Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA–Eric P. Winer, M.D. [CA32291], Dartmouth Medical School -Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH–Marc S. Ernstoff, M.D. [CA04326], Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC–Jeffrey Crawford, M.D. [CA47577], Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC–Minetta C. Liu, M.D. [CA77597], Cancer Centers of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC–Jeffrey K. Giguere, M.D [CA29165], Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Lake Success, NY–Kanti R. Rai, M.D. [CA11028], Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA–Jeffrey W. Clark, M.D. [CA12449], Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY–Clifford A. Hudis, M.D. [CA77651], Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St. Louis, MO–Alan P. Lyss, M.D. [CA114558], Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL–Rogerio C. Lilenbaum, M.D. [CA45564], Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY–Lewis R. Silverman, M.D. [CA04457], Nevada Cancer Research Foundation CCOP, Las Vegas, NV– John A. Ellerton, M.D. [CA35421], North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY–Daniel R Budman, M.D. [CA35279], Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI–William Sikov, M.D. [CA08025], Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY–Ellis Levine, M.D. [CA02599], Southeast Cancer Control Consortium Inc. CCOP, Goldsboro, NC–James N. Atkins, M.D. [CA45808], State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY–Stephen L. Graziano, M.D. [CA21060], The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH–Clara D Bloomfield, M.D. [CA77658], University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA–Barbara A. Parker, M.D. [CA11789], University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA–Alan P. Venook, M.D. [CA60138], University of Chicago, Chicago, IL –Gini Fleming, M.D. [CA41287], University of Illinois MBCCOP, Chicago, IL–Lawrence E. Feldman, M.D. [CA74811], University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA–Daniel A. Vaena, M.D. [CA47642], University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD–Martin Edelman, M.D. [CA31983], University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA–William V. Walsh, M.D. [CA37135], University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN–Bruce A Peterson, M.D. [CA16450], University of Missouri/Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, Columbia, MO–Michael C Perry, M.D. [CA12046], University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE–Anne Kessinger, M.D. [CA77298], University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC–Thomas C. Shea, M.D. [CA47559], University of Tennessee Memphis, Memphis, TN–Harvey B. Niell, M.D. [CA47555], University of Vermont, Burlington, VT–Hyman B. Muss, M.D. [CA77406], Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC–David D Hurd, M.D. [CA03927], Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC–Thomas Reid, M.D. [CA26806], Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO–Nancy Bartlett, M.D. [CA77440], Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY–John Leonard, M.D. [CA07968]

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