Directional Asymmetry in the Limbs, Skull and Pelvis of the Silver Fox (V. vulpes)

doi:10.1002/jmor.10890

From:

J Morphol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 March 15.

Published in final edited form as:

J Morphol. 2010 December; 271(12): 1501–1508.

doi: 10.1002/jmor.10890

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TABLE 1

Directional asymmetry of limb bone lengths

Bone	Length
Bone	Vector	Diff %	P value
Fore leg
Humerus	R > L	1.4	^***
Radius	L > R	1.6	^***
Ulna	L > R	1.6	^***
Metacarpal	R > L	0.7	^***
Phalanges	R > L	0.7	^***
Hind leg
Femur	L > R	1.2	^***
Tibia	L > R	0.2	^**
Metatarsal	L > R	0.2	^**
Foot phalang.	L > R	1	^***

P value:

^**P < 10⁻⁷

^***P < 10⁻²⁰

The vector column indicates the direction of the magnitude difference. The Diff % column shows the Left/Right differences as a percentage of the mean: (abs(x_l − x_r)/mean(x_r,x_l)) × 100%. Two levels of paired t-test significance are indicated. Phalanges and metacarpals are averages from the middle three digits. See Supporting Information Figure 1 for radiographs showing the endpoints used for each measurement.