NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 coordinate esophageal squamous differentiation through a CSL-dependent transcriptional network

doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.040

Gastroenterology. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 1.

Published in final edited form as:

Gastroenterology. 2010 December; 139(6): 2113–2123.

Published online 2010 August 27. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.040

PMCID: PMC2997138

NIHMSID: NIHMS232765

NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 coordinate esophageal squamous differentiation through a CSL-dependent transcriptional network

Shinya Ohashi,^*^‡ Mitsuteru Natsuizaka,^*^‡ Yumi Yashiro-Ohtani,^§ Ross A. Kalman,^*^‡ Momo Nakagawa,^*^‡ Lizi Wu,^¶ Andres J Klein-Szanto,^# Meenhard Herlyn,^¥ J. Alan Diehl,^‡ Jonathan P. Katz,^*^‡ Warren S. Pear,^§ John T. Seykora,^‡‡ and Hiroshi Nakagawa^*^‡

^*Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

^§Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

^‡‡Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

^‡Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

^¶Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

^#Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

^¥Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Conception and design: Shinya Ohashi, Hiroshi Nakagawa.

Provision of study materials: Lizi Wu, Meenhard Herlyn, Warren S. Pear, John T. Seykora.

Collection and assembly of data: Shinya Ohashi Mitsuteru Natsuizaka, Yashiro-Yumi Ohtani, Ross A. Kalman, Momo Nakagawa, Ben Rhoades, Lizi Wu, Hiroshi Nakagawa.

Data analysis and interpretation: Shinya Ohashi, Mitsuteru Natsuizaka, Yashiro-Yumi Ohtani, Lizi Wu, Andres J Klein-Szanto, Jonathan P. Katz, Warren S. Pear, John T. Seykora, Hiroshi Nakagawa.

Manuscript writing: Shinya Ohashi, Hiroshi Nakagawa.

Final approval of manuscript: Shinya Ohashi, Mitsuteru Natsuizaka, Yashiro-Yumi Ohtani, Ross A. Kalman, Momo Nakagawa, Ben Rhoades, Lizi Wu, Andres J Klein-Szanto, Meenhard Herlyn, J. Alan Diehl, Jonathan P. Katz, Warren S. Pear, John T. Seykora, Hiroshi Nakagawa.

Address correspondence to: Hiroshi Nakagawa, MD, PhD, Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania, 638B CRB, 415 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104. Email: nakagawh/at/mail.med.upenn.edu; FAX: 215-573-2024.

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Abstract

Background & Aims

The Notch receptor family regulates cell fate through cell-cell communication. CSL (CBF-1/RBP-jκ, Su(H), Lag-1) drives canonical Notch-mediated gene transcription during cell lineage specification, differentiation and proliferation in the hematopoietic system, the intestine, the pancreas and the skin. However, the functional roles of Notch in esophageal squamous epithelial biology remain unknown.

Methods

Normal esophageal keratinocytes were stimulated with calcium chloride to induce terminal differentiation. The squamous epithelia were reconstituted in organotypic three-dimensional culture, a form of human tissue engineering. Notch was inhibited in culture with a γ-secretase inhibitor or dominant negative mastermind-like1 (DNMAML1). The roles of Notch receptors were evaluated by in vitro gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. Additionally, DNMAML1 was targeted to the mouse esophagus by cytokeratin K14 promoter-driven Cre (K14Cre) recombination of Lox-STOP-Lox-DNMAML1. Notch-regulated gene expression was determined by reporter transfection, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR), Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry.

Results

NOTCH1 (N1) was activated at the onset of squamous differentiation in the esophagus. Intracellular domain of N1 (ICN1) directly activated NOTCH3 (N3) transcription, inducing HES5 and early differentiation markers such as involucrin (IVL) and cytokeratin CK13 in a CSL-dependent fashion. N3 enhanced ICN1 activity and was required for squamous differentiation. Loss of Notch signaling in K14Cre;DNMAML1 mice perturbed esophageal squamous differentiation and resulted in N3 loss and basal cell hyperplasia.

Conclusions

Notch signaling is important for esophageal epithelial homeostasis. In particular, the crosstalk of N3 with N1 during differentiation provides novel, mechanistic insights into Notch signaling and squamous epithelial biology.

Keywords: NOTCH1, NOTCH3, esophageal epithelium, squamous differentiation

Introduction

The stratified squamous epithelia are regulated at an exquisite level. The esophageal epithelium consists of keratinocytes that migrate in an outward fashion towards the luminal surface. During migration, the cells undergo terminal differentiation in the suprabasal layer. Then, the cells are desquamated into the lumen and the epithelium is renewed. Cytokeratins CK5 and CK14 are expressed in undifferentiated and proliferative keratinocytes in the basal cell layer. Cytokeratins CK4 and CK13 are specifically found in the suprabasal layer of the esophagus and other non-cornifying squamous epithelia¹. Involucrin (IVL) is also expressed in the suprabasal, but not basal keratinocytes of the esophagus². Filaggrin (FLG) is a late differentiation marker localized to keratohyalin granules³.

The Notch pathway regulates cell fate and differentiation through cell-cell communication⁴. The Notch family comprises four structurally related single transmembrane receptor proteins Notch1–4 (N1–4). Ligand (Jagged and Delta-like) binding triggers a series of enzymatic cleavages of the receptor proteins mediated by metalloprotease and γ-secretase, thereby resulting in nuclear translocation of the intracellular domain of Notch (ICN)⁴. ICN forms a transcriptional activation complex containing a DNA binding transcription factor CSL (CBF-1/RBP-jκ, Su(H), Lag-1) and the coactivator Mastermind-like (MAML)⁵. Notch target genes include the hairy and enhancer of split (HES) and related (HEY) family of transcription factors.

Notch signaling in the squamous epithelium has been investigated in the mouse epidermis⁶. Prenatal CSL deletion impairs squamous differentiation with loss of early and late differentiation markers such as CK1/CK10 and filaggrin, causing barrier defects and death at birth due to severe dehydration⁷. N1 has been proposed to have a central role in suppressing keratinocyte proliferation and promoting terminal differentiation⁶. In fact, the N1 deficient epidermis displays progressive hyperplasia as mice age⁸ and becomes prone to chemical induced carcinogenesis⁶. While N2 or N3 cannot compensate for N1 loss, compound loss of these Notch paralogues results in barrier defects and tumorigenicity even in the presence of N1, and that causes a more severe phenotype than N1 deficiency alone when all N1, N2 and N3 are knocked out⁹, indicating the presence of interplay amongst the Notch family members in squamous epithelial homeostasis. N3 shows a 0r0elatively weak CSL-dependent transcriptional activity compared to the other Notch family members¹⁰. Although N3 is expressed in the epidermis⁷^,¹¹, no skin phenotype has been observed in N3 knockout mice¹¹. Thus, N3 regulation and its role in squamous epithelial biology remain to be elucidated.

In this study, we have investigated how Notch signaling contributes to esophageal epithelial homeostasis in vitro and in vivo to find that N1 can trigger a robust induction and activation of N3 as a unique target for canonical CSL-dependent transcription at the onset of squamous differentiation, and that a novel functional interplay between ICN1 and ICN3 has a critical role in transcriptional activation of cellular components essential in terminal differentiation. Notch inhibition not only impairs squamous differentiation, but leads to basal cell hyperplasia and dysplasia in the mouse esophagus, providing novel insight into the role of Notch signaling in squamous epithelial biology.

Materials and Methods

Mice

DNMAML1^f/f mice carrying Lox-STOP-Lox dominant negative mastermind-like1 (DNMAML1) were described previously¹². DNMAML1^f/f mice were intercrossed with K14Cre transgenic mice¹³, targeting DNMAML1 into the basal cell layer of the esophageal epithelium. The K14Cre;DNMAML1 mice were compared with age-matched DNMAML1^f/f and K14Cre mice as controls. All experiments were done under approved protocols from the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and NIH guidelines.

Human esophageal tissues

Normal human esophageal tissues (n=7) used herein were described previously¹⁴.

Cell lines and treatment

Primary and telomerase-immortalized non-transformed diploid human esophageal keratinocytes EPC2, EPC2-hTERT, EPC1-hTERT are described elsewhere¹⁵^–¹⁶. Cells were kept undifferentiated in Keratinocyte-serum free medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), containing a low concentration (0.09 mM) of CaCl₂. Compound E (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA), a γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) was reconstituted in DMSO.

Retrovirus and lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and RNA interference (RNAi)

Recombinant DNA work is described in supplementary Materials and Methods. Replication-incompetent retroviruses and lentiviruses were produced and transduced as described previously¹⁷. Retroviral MigRI vector was used to express constitutively ICN1¹⁸ as well as a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-DNMAML1 fusion gene¹⁹. pTOF-DNMAML1 retroviral vector was created to express DNMAML1 in a tetracycline-regulatable (Tet-Off) manner. Lentiviral pGIPZ vector (Open Biosystems, Huntsville, AL) was used to express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) directed against N3 (N3-A, V2LHS_229748 and N3-B, V2LHS_93017), or a non-silencing scramble control sequence (RHS4346). Cells transduced with MigRI or pGIPZ were selected, except for ICN1 transduction experiments, by flow sorting for the cells expressing GFP at the brightest level (top 20%). Cells transduced with pTOF-DNMAML1 were selected with 1 μg/ml of puromycin for 7 days. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against N1 (N1-A, HSS181550 and N1-B, HSS107249), or a non-silencing scramble control sequence (12935-300)(Invitrogen) was transfected transiently using the Lipofectamine™ RNAiMAX reagent (Invitrogen), following manufacturer's instructions.

Luciferase assays

Transient transfection and luciferase assays were done as described previously¹⁷. Briefly, 400 ng of 8xCBF1-luc (designated as 8xCSL-luc)²⁰, a reporter plasmid containing eight copies of the CSL DNA binding consensus sequence or INV2.5-pGL3²¹ containing a 2.5 kb IVL promoter (−2466 to +41)(IVL-luc) was transfected along with or without ICN expression plasmids²² or a control empty vector (p3XFLAG-CMV-7). Cells were incubated for 48 hrs before cell lysis in ICN co-transfection experiments. Alternatively, CaCl₂ was added to the final concentration of 0.6 mM at 24 hrs after transfection and for additional 48 hrs before cell lysis. The mean of firefly luciferase activity was normalized with the co-transfected renilla luciferase activity.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays

ChIP was performed as described previously²³. Briefly, chromatin samples were prepared from fixed 2.5 million cells and immunoprecipitated with rabbit IgG (#sc-3888, Santa Cruz), anti-N1¹⁸, anti-CSL/RBP-jκ (#AB5790, Millipore), or anti-Histone H3 (#ab1791-100 Abcam) antibody. Purified DNA was subjected to real-time PCR with primers flanking potential CSL-binding sites at −12 kilobases (kb)(TTCCCACa) and −2.3 kbp (agCATGGGAGa) upstream the translation start and within intron 2 (nt TTCCCACg-TTCCCACa) of N3 (GenBank NG_009819). The N3 3' end region was examined as an off target control. The DNA quantity recovered from each ChIP sample is shown as the relative value to anti-Histone H3 ChIP samples. Supplementary Table 1 lists primer sequences. Data represent three independent experiments.

RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR)

RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and real-time RT-PCR were done as described previously¹⁷. Supplementary Table 2 lists used TaqMan® Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems). Relative gene expression was determined based upon corresponding threshold cycle values and normalized to β-actin as an internal control.

Western blot analysis

Western blotting was done as described previously¹⁶^–¹⁷. Supplementary Table 3 lists primary antibodies and the titers used for Western blotting.

Immunofluorescence (IF) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

IF and IHC were performed as described previously¹⁴^,¹⁶. Supplementary Table 4 summarizes antibodies, titers and specific conditions. Stained objects were examined with a Nikon Microphot microscope and imaged with a digital camera. Ki67 labeling index was determined by counting at least 600 cells per group.

Statistical analyses

Data from triplicate and hexaduplicate experiments in real-time RT-PCR, luciferase assays and Ki67 labeling index were presented as mean ± SE and were analyzed by two-tailed Student's t test. Fisher's exact test was done to assess genotype-phenotype association in mice. P <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

CSL-mediated canonical Notch signaling is required at the onset of esophageal squamous differentiation

Calcium (Ca²⁺) induces keratinocyte differentiation²⁴. Notch was activated in EPC2, EPC2-hTERT and EPC1-hTERT cells upon Ca²⁺ stimulation, which promotes cell-cell contact (Supplementary Figure 1), CSL-reporter activation and induction of HES5 and early differentiation markers IVL and CK13 in a temporal and dose-dependent manner (Figure 1 and Supplementary Figure 2). These Ca²⁺-induced responses were blocked effectively at the transcriptional, mRNA and protein levels by a GSI as well as DNMAML1¹⁹, the latter antagonizing the MAML family of CSL-dependent transcriptional coactivator expressed in esophageal epithelial cells (Figure 1 and Supplementary Figure 3).

Figure 1

Ca²⁺ activates Notch signaling to induce squamous differentiation in esophageal keratinocytes

In the esophageal epithelium reconstituted in organotypic 3D culture, Notch inhibition suppressed sharply epithelial stratification as well as early (i.e. IVL and CK13) and late (FLG) differentiation markers without affecting basal cell marker (i.e. CK14) expression and proliferation (Figure 2 and supplementary Figure 4). These data suggest there is canonical Notch signaling in the early stages of esophageal squamous epithelial differentiation.

Figure 2

Notch inhibition impairs squamous differentiation of esophageal epithelia reconstituted in organotypic 3D culture

The lack of squamous differentiation in the presence of Notch inhibitors can be accounted for by depletion of committed cells that are capable of undergoing differentiation in response to Ca²⁺ stimulation. When DNMAML1 was repressed by doxycycline in the Tet-Off system, Notch functions and squamous differentiation were restored in both monolayer and 3D cultures (Figure 2D and E, and Supplementary Figure 5), consistent with Notch-mediated direct transcriptional regulation of squamous differentiation.

N1 and N3 are induced and activated during esophageal squamous differentiation

We next explored whether the Notch receptor family members are involved in the regulation of squamous differentiation in the esophagus. N1 and N3 were expressed on the cell membrane of the suprabasal cells within the normal human esophageal epithelium where nuclear localization of both N1 and N3 was also observed in the cells within the first 3–4 layers above the basal cell layer (Figure 3). Additionally, a subset of basal cells showed nuclear N1 and N3 expression (Figure 3).

Figure 3

N1 and N3 expression in normal human esophageal epithelium

We determined also the expression of N1–4 in primary and immortalized esophageal cells by real-time RT-PCR. Threshold cycle values implied relatively high basal levels of N1 and N2 mRNA and very low to undetectable levels of N3 and N4 mRNA (data not shown). Ca²⁺ increased N1 and N3, but not N2 and N4 mRNA (Figure 4A and Supplementary Figure 6), and that was reflected by the HES5, IVL and CK13 mRNA levels (Figure 1, Supplementary Figures 2). Constitutive N1 mRNA expression was corroborated by full-length (FL)-N1 protein detected by Western blotting in unstimulated EPC2-hTERT cells (Figure 4B, time 0). Upon Ca²⁺ stimulation, FL-N1 protein was downregulated within 6 hrs while ICN1 emerged in a reciprocal fashion (Figure 4B), indicating N1 activation. Both FL-N1 and ICN1 levels were increased thereafter (Figure 4B). Since ICN1 is generated by enzymatic FL-N1 cleavage triggered by ligand binding, ICN1 upregulation (Figure 4B, 6h–48h) can be accounted for by an increase in the N1 mRNA level (Figure 4A), consistent with autoregulation of N1 transcription²³, leading to de novo FL-N1 protein synthesis (Figure 4B).

Figure 4

Sequential induction and activation of N1 and N3 during Ca²⁺-induced squamous differentiation in esophageal keratinocytes

Interestingly, N3 mRNA induction occurred more robustly and in a delayed fashion compared to N1 mRNA (Figure 4A). Western blotting detected neither FL-N3 nor ICN3 prior to Ca²⁺ stimulation in EPC2-hTERT cells (Figure 4B). Consistent with a late N3 mRNA induction, both FL-N3 and ICN3 levels increased dramatically at 48 hrs after Ca²⁺ stimulation (Figure 4A and B). Such a successive induction pattern of ICN3 preceded by ICN1 was documented in nuclear extracts (Figure 4C), implying sequential activation of N1 and N3.

Ligand-induced activation of N1 and N3 was suggested by the finding that the GSI blocked both ICN1 and ICN3 generation upon Ca²⁺ stimulation (Figure 4D). Interestingly, GSI suppressed FL-N3 and N3 mRNA (Figure 4D and E), suggesting that N3 per se may be subjected to regulation by Notch signaling. Consistent with this premise, DNMAML1 prevented Ca²⁺ from inducing N3 mRNA and FL-N3 protein (Figure 4D and E). Importantly, ICN3 was found in the nuclear fraction by 48 hrs after Ca²⁺ stimulation and that was suppressed by GSI or DNMAML1 (Figure 4C and Supplementary Figure 7A and B). Moreover, repression of DNMAML1 by doxycycline in the Tet-Off system augmented N3 mRNA and ICN3 induction (Supplementary Figure 7C and D), reinforcing the notion of direct CSL-mediated induction and nuclear translocation of the activated N3. N3 activation upon Ca²⁺-mediated squamous differentiation was observed also in primary mouse esophageal keratinocytes, and was antagonized by GSI (Supplementary Figure 8). Although GSI also suppressed N1 mRNA and ICN1 induction by Ca²⁺, DNMAML1 augmented N1 mRNA and ICN1 expression upon Ca²⁺ stimulation (Figure 4D and Supplementary Figure 9), suggesting that N1 mRNA induction may be CSL-independent. These observations imply dynamic changes in expression and activation of N1 and N3 during esophageal squamous differentiation.

N1 induces N3 through CSL-dependent transcription

N1 activation preceded N3 induction (Figure 4A–C). This prompted us to investigate the possibility that N1 may regulate N3 directly. To this end, ICN1 was ectopically expressed in EPC2-hTERT cells. ICN1 not only activated the CSL-reporter but also induced HES5, CK13 and IVL whereas DNMAML1 blocked all these activities (supplementary Figure 10). ICN1 induced N3 mRNA in the absence of DNMAML1 (Figure 5A), indicating that N1 may induce N3 through CSL-dependent transcription. Moreover, Western blotting demonstrated that DNMAML1 blocked not only FL-N3 and ICN3, but also IVL proteins (Figure 5B).

Figure 5

ICN1 directly induces and activates N3 through CSL-dependent transcription in esophageal keratinocytes

We next addressed whether N1 is required for N3 induction by RNAi experiments. N1 knockdown compromised Ca²⁺-mediated induction and activation of N3 as well as Notch target genes (Figure 5C and D, Supplementary Figure 11), implying N1 in N3-mediated squamous differentiation.

Furthermore, ChIP assays documented Ca²⁺-induced binding of ICN1 and CSL to the intron 2 of the N3 gene containing a putative CSL binding cis-element (Figure 5E and supplementary Figure 12), providing evidence for direct transcriptional regulation of N3 by N1.

N3 cooperates with N1 for esophageal squamous differentiation

To elucidate the role of N3 in squamous differentiation, we established two independent lines of EPC2-hTERT cells of stable N3 knockdown. The RNAi effect was validated by inhibition of Ca²⁺- or ICN1-mediated N3 mRNA and ICN3 protein induction (Figure 6A and B, and supplementary Figure 13A and B). N3 knockdown resulted in suppression of the IVL promoter activation as well as IVL mRNA and IVL protein induction (Figure 6B–D, and supplementary Figure 13B and C). Additionally, N3 knockdown suppressed HES5 and CK13 induction (Supplementary Figure 13D and E), implying N3 is involved in their transcriptional regulation. Moreover, in organotypic 3D culture, N3 knockdown impaired squamous epithelial stratification and IVL expression without affecting basal cell proliferation (Figure 6E). Interestingly, ICN1 was induced upon Ca²⁺ stimulation in N3 knockdown cells without circumventing the N3 knockdown effect upon IVL expression (Figure 6B). Given the role of N3 in IVL transcriptional activation, we carried out transient transfection of ICN1 and ICN3, either alone or in combination. ICN1, but not ICN3, activated the IVL promoter. However, ICN3 enhanced significantly the ICN1-mediated IVL promoter transactivation in EPC2-hTERT cells (Figure 6F). These findings indicate cooperation between N1 and N3 in squamous differentiation.

Figure 6

N3 is required and cooperates with N1 during esophageal squamous differentiation

Notch inhibition in the mouse esophagus leads to deregulated squamous differentiation and aberrant basal cell proliferation with Notch3 downregulation

To determine the functional consequences of Notch inhibition in vivo, we targeted DNMAML1 in the mouse esophagus. Born in the anticipated Mendelian ratio, the K14Cre;DNMAML1 mice developed normally, yet four out of ten mice exhibited weight loss by 3 months of age. Histological examination revealed basal cell hyperplasia and/or dysplasia with disorganized nuclear polarity associated with an increase in Ki67 positive cells in the affected mouse esophagi. Neither the rest of K14Cre;DNMAML1 nor age-matched control mice presented histological changes (Figure 7). Nevertheless, there was a statistically significant genotype-phenotype association in the affected K14Cre;DNMAML1 mouse esophagi, compared to DNMAML1^f/f or K14Cre controls (P=0.023, n=10). There was a marked reduction in the number and size of keratohyalin granules in the suprabasal stratum granulosum cell layer in the affected K14Cre;DNMAML1 esophagi, compared to unaffected K14Cre;DNMAML1 or control mouse esophagi, suggesting impaired terminal differentiation. This was corroborated by decreased Ivl and Flg expression (Figure 7). Finally, N3 expression was diminished greatly in the affected K14Cre;DNMAML1 esophagi (Figure 7), implicating CSL-dependent N3 expression in vivo. In aggregate, DNMAML1 perturbed Notch3 expression as well as the squamous differentiation program through inhibition of CSL-dependent transcription in the mouse esophagus.

Figure 7

DNMAML1 induce basal cell hyperplasia/dysplasia impairing squamous differentiation and N3 expression in the mouse esophageal epithelium

Discussion

Our data indicate that the Notch pathway plays a critical role in esophageal squamous differentiation involving the canonical CSL-mediated transcriptional network (Figures 1–4). A novel functional interplay between N1 and N3 appears to be essential as N1 transcriptionally activates N3 to drive squamous differentiation (Figures 5 and and6).6). In mouse, Notch inhibition not only impaired esophageal squamous differentiation, but caused basal cell hyperplasia and dysplasia (Figure 7). These findings establish a novel model whereby crosstalk between N1 and N3 regulates squamous differentiation (Supplementary Figure 14).

To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of functionally active Notch signaling in normal esophageal epithelial cell biology. Both primary and immortalized human esophageal keratinocytes underwent terminal differentiation and formed stratified squamous epithelium in 3D culture in a CSL-dependent manner. Notch inhibition abrogated early and late differentiation in culture as well as in mice. GSI induces goblet cell metaplasia in the rat intestine without affecting normal esophageal squamous epithelium after five daily intraperitoneal injections²⁵. However, long-term GSI treatment may be required before GSI takes effect in the esophagus, given slower epithelial turnover (> 14 days)²⁶. DNMAML1 did not affect basal cell proliferation in 3D culture (Figure 2). Thus, esophageal hyperplasia and dysplasia in mice may be explained by non-cell autonomous effects of Notch inhibition⁹.

Loss of Notch signaling in the skin leads to barrier defects and squamous cell carcinoma⁹ as well as atopic dermatitis-like disease²⁷. Thus, our mouse model may have implication in esophageal diseases such as cancer and eosinophilic esophagitis. Interestingly, focal inflammation was noted in a few K14Cre;DNMAML1 esophagi (Shinya Ohashi et al. unpublished data). Only forty percent of the K14Cre;DNMAML1 mice displayed esophageal phenotypes at three months after birth although hair loss occurred with 100% penetrance rate, implying hair follicle dysfunction (John T. Seykora, manuscript in preparation). We suspect mosaicism in the K14Cre;DNMAML1 mouse esophagus as a possible explanation. Such a difference in Cre-mediated recombination efficiency between the esophagus and the epidermis may be accounted for by the fact that CK14 is induced postnatally in the esophagus²⁸.

Induction of CK13, an esophageal-specific cytokeratin, implies tissue-specific differentiation while other markers such as IVL and FLG are shared with other squamous epithelia including that in the epidermis. Lack of Ivl and Flg expression in the K14Cre;DNMAML1 mouse is in concordance with impaired differentiation by embryonic K14Cre-mediated Csl loss in the mouse epidermis⁷. Similar to CK13 expression in esophageal cells, Ca²⁺ induces skin-specific suprabasal cytokeratins CK1 and CK10 in a Csl-dependent fashion⁷. However, there may be certain differences in the modes of Notch signaling during squamous differentiation between the esophagus and the skin, which includes hair follicle and interfollicular keratinocytes that are regulated differentially.

First, Ivl can be induced in a Csl-independent manner in mouse skin keratinocytes²⁹. By contrast, our data point to CSL-dependent IVL transcription in esophageal keratinocytes. Second, Hes1 is induced most predominantly amongst the HES/HEY family of transcription factors upon Notch activation in epidermal keratinocytes⁷ where Hes1 regulates Hey1/Hey2 and other Notch downstream target molecules such as p21 and Wnt4³⁰. In human esophageal cells, Ca²⁺ induced HES5 most robustly (Figures 1 and Supplementary Figure 2) with HES1 induction only to a modest extent (data not shown). Functional redundancy of Hes1 and Hes5 has been implicated in neuronal differentiation³¹. However, Hes5 determines T-cell fate depending upon the ligand density while Hes1 is indispensible for T-cell differentiation³². Our data imply N3 serving an important functional role in HES5 induction.

ICN3, a weak transcriptional activator¹⁰, failed to stimulate the IVL promoter by itself, but enhanced ICN1-mediated IVL transactivation (Figure 6F). Our data suggest a novel modulatory role of N3 upon N1-mediated IVL induction. Although ICN and CSL binding was not validated in this study, four potential CSL-binding cis-elements exist within the 2.5 kb promoter sequence in IVL-luc construct. It is tempting to speculate that ICN1-ICN3 heterodimers may be formed on the IVL promoter to recruit histone acetyltransferases, chromatin remodeling factors and other transcription factors as proposed previously³³. AP-1 and SP1 also regulate IVL³⁴. Thus, further study will be needed to identify factors cooperating with ICN1, ICN3 and CSL to regulate IVL.

N1-mediated CSL-dependent N3 transcription agrees with N3 mRNA induction by ICN1³⁵. Our ChIP assay data establish a direct link between ICN1 and N3. N3 downregulation in the K14Cre;DNMAML1 mouse esophagus supports this notion. What is the biological role of N3 in the esophagus? Reminiscent of our K14Cre;DNMAML1 mouse phenotypes, esophageal hyperplasia has been noted when N3 was deleted in the N1N2 compound knockout mice, phenocopying the γ-secretase deficient skin¹¹. We did not observe apoptosis upon N3 knockdown or DNMAML1 expression (data not shown). However, N3 may inhibit apoptosis through AKT³⁶ and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways³⁷. AKT activation by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) leads to esophageal hyperplasia suppressing late differentiation in organotypic 3D culture³⁸. Since EGFR signaling negatively regulates N1³⁹, it will be of great interest to explore the role of N3 in this context.

In conclusions, our innovative approaches reveal novel functional crosstalk between N1 and N3 during differentiation, providing mechanistic insights into the role of Notch signaling in esophageal squamous epithelial biology.

Supplementary Material

Click here to view.^{(5.1M, pdf)}

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Mr. Ben Rhoades, Ms. Daniela Budo, Dr. Gary P. Swain and Dr. Xiaoping Yang for technical assistance, members of the Nakagawa lab for helpful discussions as well as Drs. Tao Wang (University of Manchester), Anthony J. Capobianco (University of Miami), Raphael Kopan (Washington University), Marjorie A. Phillips and Robert H. Rice (University of California) for reagents.

Funding: This study was supported in part by NIH Grants R01DK077005 (to SO, MN, HN), P01-CA-098101 (Mechanisms of Esophageal Carcinogenesis to HN, AJK, MH, JAD), P30-DK050306 (to RK and Momo N), AGA Foundation Student Research Fellowship Award (to Momo N), and P30-DK050306 (to the NIH/NIDDK Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases).

Abbreviations used in this paper


ChIP	chromatin immunoprecipitation

CSL	CBF-1/RBP-jκ, Su(H), Lag-1

DAPI	4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole

DNMAML1	dominant negative mastermind-like1

EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor

DOX	doxycycline

FLG	Filaggrin

FL	full-length

GSI	γ-secretase inhibitor

GFP	green fluorescent protein

HES	hairy and enhancer of split

IF	Immunofluorescence

IHC	Immunohistochemistry

ICN	Intracellular domain

IVL	Involucrin

kb	kilobases

K14Cre	K14 promoter-driven Cre recombinase

MAML	Mastermind-like

N	NOTCH

RT-PCR	reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions

RNAi	RNA interference

shRNA	short hairpin RNA

Footnotes

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Conflicts of interest: The authors disclose no conflicts.

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