Fine-needle aspiration biopsy revealed a benign mass that had suspicious malignant findings. Therefore, an excisional biopsy was performed. Gross inspection revealed a grey, gelatinous, multilocular cystic tumor containing mucinous material with some necrosis. Microscopically, variably sized cystic spaces were observed. The tumor was confined with atypical cells containing intracytoplasmic mucin (fig. 2). Also extracellular mucin was present in the tumor (fig. 3).

The tumor was diagnosed as mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (MCA). After this diagnosis, an abdominopelvic ultrasonography was performed and proved to be normal. There was no pathology in the ovaries and pancreas. Modified radical mastectomy was performed. There was residual tumor in the specimen and tumor in the nipple, but no skin infiltration. The specimen had atypical ductal hyperplasia. In the axillary dissection material, there were 10 reactive lymph nodes. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for estrogen receptor (ER; 95%) (fig. 4), and completely negative for progesterone receptor (PR) and C-erb-B2 receptor. Also cytokeratin 7 (CK7), 20 (CK20), and chromogranin immunoreactivities were negative.

Ovary and pancreas mucinous adenocarcinoma are usually CK7+/CK20+, while MCA of the breast is usually CK7+ and CK20-. The antibody panel including CK7 and CK20 may be useful to make a differential diagnosis between primary and metastatic mucinous tumors, but detailed clinical evaluation is necessary [8]. Neuroendocrine differentiation with expression of chromogranin is frequently demonstrated in mucinous carcinoma, but not in all MCAs nor in our case [8].

The MCAs of the breast in the literature, including the present case, are presented in table 1. Notably, in the 9th case reported in the literature, too, both ER and PR in the primary MCA of the breast were negative, whereas ER and PR in the MCA were often expressed [10]. Since the MCAs were ER- and PR-negative, the hypothesis can be made that these tumors have been developed free from estrogen stimulation [5]. Therefore, no patients received hormonotherapy. The fact that our case was stained highly ER-positive led to the idea that these tumors are also estrogen-sensitive, as the other primary breast tumors. Therefore, when determining the treatment of patients presenting with this kind of tumor, hormonotherapy should also be considered as an option. This inhibits both translocation and nuclear binding of tamoxifen receptor, thereby preventing estrogen responsive genes from transcriptional activation. Tamoxifen induces apoptosis and prevents tumor growth, protein inhibits kinases and provides the regulation of tumor growth factors [11, 12]. Moreover, insulin growth factor affects regulatory cytokines such as TGFβ, and basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits angiogenesis [13]. In in vivo studies, it was determined that the level of VEGF that has an impact on angiogenesis was also decreased [13,14,15]. We hoped that tamoxifen would be effective in our patient considering all the mechanisms mentioned above. ER, PR and c-erb-B2 is stained negative in MCA [5, 8]. Our case was stained ER-positive and PR- and c-erb-B2-negative. As it is known, ER, PR and c-erb-B2 triple negative breast tumors are associated with poor prognosis [16]. Indeed, it could be expected that the receptors of these tumors, which are nonmetastatic, without local recurrence and with good prognosis, would be positive.

Patients were between 47 and 96 years old and older patients were likely to develop MCA [5, 8]. Patients were often postmenopausal and the age of average incidence was 68 [8]. Our patient was also postmenopausal.

MCA was noted to originate from the main ductus close to the papilla [5, 8]. Papilla involvement in the mammographic images and histopathological investigation in our case also supported this hypothesis.

Out of 10 patients, 2 developed lymph node metastasis, which is considered to be associated with the long history of the primary tumor [2, 5]. Our patient had a short history and presented with no axillary lymph node metastasis. Honma et al. [5] treated a patient presenting with a 6-cm conglomerate of axillary metastatic lymph nodes with mastectomy (M) and lymph node dissection (LND), and after 46 months of follow-up without adjuvant therapy, the patient died from a disease other than MCA. These facts lead to the assumption that axillary lymph node metastasis is not associated with poor prognosis.

The general treatments were M and LND; however, 3 patients underwent lumpectomy. With respect to postoperative adjuvant therapy, 1 patient [2] received RT, while 2 patients [2, 8] received CT. In the study of Koenig and Tavassoli [2], a third case presenting with a 8.5-cm diameter sarcomatous component was exposed to adjuvant CT and RT after M and LND. The CT given to this patient was a combination including antracyclin, which seems logical as it included a sarcomatous component. This patient presented with no disease during an 11-month follow-up. The second patient [8] receiving CT in the literature was the one presenting with a 3-cm diameter tumor but no nodal metastasis, and undergoing M and LND. RT indication was not suggested when the patient was assessed for RT to the chest wall.

In the literature, a patient presenting with a 19-cm tumor and lymph node metastasis was treated with M and LND, but did not receive CT and RT [2]. If the case had been assessed classically, as the other invasive breast cancer types, this patient would have been delivered RT and CT. However, during a 24-month follow-up, no disease was observed in the patient. The other patient presenting with lymph node metastasis [5] and with a 2-cm diameter tumor was treated with lumpectomy and LND, but did not receive RT and CT, and the patient died from a disease other than MCA at the end of a 46-month follow-up. This contributes to the hypothesis that surgery is indeed sufficient for the treatment of this disease. In the study of Rosen et al. [3], the patient presenting with a 6-cm diameter tumor and undergoing mastectomy and LND, but not receiving adjuvant therapy, did not experience any symptoms related to this disease in a 9-year follow-up.

As indicated in table ​table1,1, for the 4th, 6th and 9th patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery, for the first patient presenting with a 19-cm diameter tumor, and for the patients presenting with metastatic axillary lymph nodes [3, 8] RT was not suggested. None of these patients developed locoregional recurrence, and therefore, we should pay attention when suggesting RT for these patients. Compatible with this, in the light of current literature we did not suggest CT and RT for our patients. Because ER was highly positive in our patient and because we found invasive atypical epithelial hyperplasia, tamoxifen was started.

Although it is not sufficient to discuss only a few patients with good prognosis of these rare breast tumors, it can be seen that the patients were not affected by CT and RT. No recurrence or death related to disease occurred in any of the patients [8]. The follow-up period reported was 9 years at the most and 8 months at least. Although the nature of breast MCAs is invasive, these carcinomas are associated with a good prognosis [7].

However, it is necessary to differentiate primary MCA of the breast from other benign lesions of the breast releasing the typical mucin and mucinous carcinoma [5, 7, 8]. More importantly, it is necessary to conduct detailed clinical and histopathological investigations in order to differentiate the organs in the abdomen and pelvis from MCA metastases in the pancreas and ovaries [2, 5, 8].