Detection of Intracellular ADAMTS13, a Secreted Zinc-metalloprotease, via Flow Cytometry

doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20748

Cytometry A. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 August 1.

Published in final edited form as:

Cytometry A. 2009 August; 75(8): 675–681.

doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.20748

PMCID: PMC2778596

NIHMSID: NIHMS141461

Detection of Intracellular ADAMTS13, a Secreted Zinc-metalloprotease, via Flow Cytometry

Geetha S.,¹^† Courtni E. Allen,¹^† Ryan Hunt,¹^† Elizabeth Plum,¹ Susan Garfield,² Scott L. Friedman,³ Kenji Soejima,⁴ Zuben E. Sauna,¹ and Chava Kimchi-Sarfaty¹^*

¹Laboratory of Hemostasis, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

²Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

³Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA

⁴First Research Department, the Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan

^*Corresponding Author: Chava Kimchi-Sarfaty, Ph.D., 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda MD 20982 ; Email: Chava.kimchi-sarfaty/at/fda.hhs.gov

^†These authors contributed equally

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Abstract

Background

ADAMTS13 is a secreted metalloprotease that cleaves von Willebrand Factor multimers and maintains proper homeostasis. A severe deficiency in ADAMTS13 triggers a disorder known as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). At present, ADAMTS13 expression levels are determined by immunoblotting.

Methods

We established a flow cytometry methodology to detect intracellular ADAMTS13 in liver and kidney cells using a polyclonal antibody, BL154G, and several monoclonal antibodies previously used to detect ADAMTS13 by immunoblotting. Results were validated using confocal microscopy, immunoblotting and an activity assay (FRETS-VWF73).

Results

We show that labeling ADAMTS13 with specific antibodies and detection by flow cytometry yields results that are comparable to previously established methods for ADAMTS13 detection. Specifically, we compared the endogenous expression levels of ADAMTS13 in various liver cell lines using flow cytometry and obtained results that parallel immunoblot analysis. Knock-down of ADAMTS13 expression via targeted siRNA resulted in significantly reduced median signal, displaying the sensitivity of this detection method. A further analysis of reliability and specificity was achieved through plasmid DNA and transfection reagent dose response studies.

Conclusions

The flow cytometry method described here is useful in determining the expression of both endogenous and recombinant forms of intracellular ADAMTS13. Flow cytometry is a convenient, efficient and cost effective way to measure the expression levels of ADAMTS13.

Key terms: ADAMTS13, flow cytometry, intracellular protein expression

INTRODUCTION

ADAMTS13, the von Willebrand Factor (VWF) cleavage protease, prevents intravascular thrombosis leading to the TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) disorder (1–3). This therapeutically important protein is 150 kDa in size and expressed in a variety of cell types, but mainly by hepatic stellate cells (4,5), platelets (6), venous and arterial endothelial cells (7), and podocytes in the kidney. ADAMTS13 is a member of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) family of secreted metalloproteases. It differs from the other members of its family by bearing two C-terminal CUB (Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf (EGF-related sea urchin protein) and BMP-1 (bone morphogenic protein-1) domains (8). Unlike other secreted metalloproteases, it is fully active before secretion from the cell.

Protein expression levels in cell culture can be measured by either immunoblot analysis or flow cytometry. Various studies demonstrate that flow cytometry and immunoblots provide comparable results when measuring intracellular quantities of secreted proteins (9–11), including clotting and anti-clotting factors (12,13). Presently, immunoblotting is the technique of choice in quantifying secreted ADAMST13 levels although it requires more cells and is more time consuming than cytometry (7,14–18). Moreover, detecting endogenous levels of intracellular ADAMTS13 through Western blot is exceedingly difficult without further purification and/or concentration of cell lysates—an additional time intensive task. Various research groups have studied ADAMTS13 by using specific antibodies to detect and measure ADAMTS13 expression by means of immunoblots. Establishing flow cytometry as tool to measure intracellular expression of ADAMTS13 would provide researchers with a swift yet reliable means by which to monitor ADAMTS13.

Here, we describe the reliability and utility of flow cytometry as a tool to measure the intracellular level of fully active, wild-type ADAMTS13. Our cytometric measurements were found to be very similar, if not identical, to those obtained by immunoblotting. For example, human stellate cells (LX2), tested by both methods, were found to express the highest known level of ADAMTS13. The antibodies employed in this study were also useful in the confocal imaging of ADAMTS13. Their specificity to ADAMTS13 in flow cytometry experiments were confirmed by reduced fluorescence intensity readings when testing ADAMTS13 siRNA-knockdown cells. Flow cytometry was found to be just as accurate as the traditionally employed immunoblot method for ADAMTS13 quantification and is certainly superior to immunoblotting, given its rapid and simple nature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cell Lines and Cell Culture

Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA) were used in all transfection experiments. A panel of liver cells was tested in the flow cytometry and immunoblotting experiments of ADAMTS13: Hep3B (ATCC), Huh7, Alexander (a gift from Sara Ladu, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH), 7404 cells (a gift from Michael M. Gottesman, NCI, NIH), and highly expressing ADAMTS13 hepatic stellate cells (LX2) (19). All cells were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium with 1% glutamine, 1% penicillin- streptomycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) at 37°C under humid conditions in 5% CO₂.

Transfection

In preparation for confocal microscopy, flow cytometry or for immunoblotting, 5 × 10⁵ cells were plated in MatTeK dishes (MatTeK, Ashland, MA), or 6-well plates, or T-75 flasks 24 hours before transfection. Cells were transfected with either 2 or 20 µg pcDNA4-ADAMTS13 (respective, to the container size; a gift from Evan Sadler, St. Louis, MO), or the control pcDNA4 empty vector, using Lipofectamine Plus or Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) or Fugene6 (Roche, Pleasanton, CA) according to the manufacturer’s recommended protocol. We used several different transfection reagents to assure that the increase in fluorescence was not determined by any individual reagent. Several dose response experiments were performed with modifications to the amount of the transfected DNA or the transfection reagent.

Flow Cytometry

Fixation and permeabilization of the trypsinized cells were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IntraPrep™ Beckman Coulter, Marseille, France). Similar results were also obtained when the permeabilization and fixation were performed with BD Cytofix/Cytoperm (BD biosciences, San Jose, CA) following the company’s instruction manual. Unpermeablized cells were used as a control. Dilutions from stock of 1 mg/ml of Wh2-11-1 Wh2-22-1A, Wh10, W688X6-1, W688X3-69, BL154G (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX) and anti-V5 antibody (Invitrogen) were used for the labeling. The isotopes, anti-Mouse IgG2aκ and anti-mouse IgG1κ antibodies served as controls. Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Invitrogen) was used to detect all the monoclonal antibodies while Rabbit anti-Goat IgG FITC (Bethyl) was used to identify the primary polyclonal ADAMTS13 antibody BL154G. Washes after antibody labeling were with PBS (Invitrogen) 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Sigma) three times. Antibody labeling was performed for 30 minutes at 37°C. The cells were then analyzed using the Becton Dickinson FACS Calibur. Median values were calculated using CellQuest software by Becton Dickinson.

Quantification of ADAMTS13 using Western Blotting

The cell lysates were prepared by washing the harvested cells with chilled PBS and lysed by suspension in cell lysis buffer (20mM Tris-HCl, 150mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Tablet (Roche, Florence, SC) and 1mM PMSF) and then stored at −20°C. The total protein in the lysates was quantified by Bradford protein quantification assay (Bio-Rad, New York, NY).

For electrophoresis, 30–320 µg of total protein was mixed with loading buffer, heated at 95°C for 5 minutes, sonicated at room temperature for 5 minutes, and separated by electrophoresis on a 3–8% Tris-Acetate SDS gel (Invitrogen) immersed in 1x NuPAGE Tris-Acetate running buffer (Invitrogen). The protein was then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Invitrogen) immersed in 1x NuPAGE Tris-Acetate transfer buffer (Invitrogen) containing 20% MeOH, 0.02% SDS, and 0.1% NuPAGE Antioxidant (Invitrogen). After transfer, the membrane was blocked in 5% non-fat milk at room temperature. Immunostaining was performed using the primary polyclonal antibody ADAMTS13 BL154G followed by secondary antibody staining with anti-Rabbit IgG HRP (1.0 mg/ml; Invitrogen). Detection was carried out using West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA) and quantified using ImageQuaNT software (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ).

Measurement of Protease Activity using FRETS-VWF73 Assay

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Substrate-von Willebrand Factor 73 (FRETS-VWF73) (Peptide International, Osaka, Japan) is a fluorogenic substrate that was developed to test the activity of ADAMTS13. Samples were prepared according to the manufacturer. The fluorescence was read by a GeminiMax plate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) every 5 minutes for one hour with mixing at an excitation of 340 nm and emission of 450 nm.

Confocal Microscopy

Transfected cells were washed twice with Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) with 0.1% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), and then fixed and permeablized with 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma) for 30 minutes with an optional step of 70% ethanol for 15 minutes. Labeling was done with anti-V5 and Wh2-11-1 monoclonal antibodies for one hour at room temperature and Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse secondary antibody. Immediately before scanning the dish, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) (Invitrogen, Molecular Probes) was added to a final concentration of 10 µg/ml to stain the nucleus. Labeling with the secondary antibody only served as a control.

Confocal images were sequentially acquired with Zeiss AIM software on a Zeiss LSM 510 Confocal system (Carl Zeiss Inc, Thornwood, NY) with a Zeiss Axiovert 100M inverted microscope and 50 mW argon UV laser tuned to 364 nm, a 25 mW Argon visible laser tuned to 488 nm and a 1 mW HeNe laser tuned to 543 nm. A 63x Plan-Neofluar 1.4 NA oil immersion objective was used at various digital zoom settings. Emission signals after sequential excitation of DAPI and Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse by the 364nm or 488 nm laser lines were collected with a BP 435–485 or BP 505–550 filter respectively, using individual photomultipliers.

Knock down of ADAMTS13 using siRNA

Transient expression of ADAMTS13 in HEK293 cells was knocked down using pooled ADAMTS13-targeted siRNA (Invitrogen) introduced into cells at a final concentration of 200 nM using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) as per manufacturer’s protocol. The control cells were transfected with AllStars scrambled siRNA (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) at a final concentration of 200 nM. Cells were harvested 24 hours post-transfection and either immunostained for flow cytometry or lyzed for Western blot as described above.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The various ADAMTS13-specific monoclonal antibodies described by Soejima and coworkers (15) (Wh2-11-1, Wh2-22-1A, Wh-10, W688X6-1 and W688X3-69) and the commercially available ADAMTS13 polyclonal antibody BL154G were previously tested to detect ADAMTS13 on Western blots (http://www.natutec.de/pdf_bethyl/A300-391A.pdf). Here we used flow cytometry to test these antibodies for their efficacy in detecting the endogenous ADAMTS13 in HEK293 cells (Figure 1). A preliminary test of both isotype controls alongside a secondary-only control was conducted (Figure S1) revealing comparable histogram curves and median signal measurements. All figures contain histograms of secondary-only data to ensure clarity, although all three controls were conducted for each experimental setup. Significantly high fluorescence intensities were measured for each antibody relative to control staining with secondary antibody only or anti-mouse IgG2aκ or IgG1κ isotypic antibodies (Figure 1). Of the antibodies that we tested, Wh2-11-1 had the highest reactivity to ADAMTS13. Therefore, we used this antibody alongside the polyclonal antibody BL154G to study the endogenous expression of ADAMTS13 in multiple liver cell lines: 7404, Alexander, Hep3b, Huh-7 and LX2 (human hepatic stellate cells). In addition, the cells were fixed and permeabilized with two alternative methods as discussed in the Materials and Methods section, or left untreated (unfixed and unpermeabilized) prior to incubating with the ADAMTS13 antibodies. Following treatment with the primary antibody, the cells were stained with the secondary antibody and analyzed by flow cytometry. These results are depicted in Figure 2A and clearly demonstrate that histogram shifts occur using both ADAMTS13 antibodies; these shifts are dramatically pronounced when the cells are permeabilized. Finally, among all the cell lines tested, LX2, the liver stellate cell line (19), showed the highest median fluorescence (Figure 2A). This observation is consistent with the report of Fujimura and coworkers that liver stellate cells show the highest expression of ADAMTS13 and are the major contributors of ADAMTS13 found in blood (4). The median fluorescence of the permeabilized cells in this assay is a measure of relative ADAMTS13 protein. Endogenous levels of intracellular ADAMTS13 were not detected using conventional cell lysate preparation and Western blotting procedures (data not shown). This finding adds to the significance of detecting endogenous levels of intracellular ADAMTS13 via flow cytometry.

Figure 1

Flow cytometry detection of intracellular ADAMTS13 in HEK293 cells using various specific anti-ADAMTS13 monoclonal antibodies

Figure 2

Detection of ADAMTS13 intracellular expression in various liver ADAMTS13-expressing cell lines

As a further demonstration of this method’s sensitivity, transient expression of ADAMTS13 was knocked down in HEK293 cells using siRNA as described in Materials and Methods. Upon targeted siRNA transfection, median fluorescence fell to 31.91/41.05 a.u. from 55.73/69.78 a.u for Wh2-11-1 and anti-V5 respectively (Figure 3A). With isotypic readings subtracted, cells probed with Wh2-11-1 showed a 68% reduction in expression, while anti-V5 probed cells showed a 60% decline. One reason for this slight difference may be that the use of Wh2-11-2 estimates the reduction in both endogenous and transfected ADAMTS13 while the use of the anti-V5 antibody only estimates the reduction in the transfected ADAMTS13. Conversely, cells transfected with control scrambled siRNA retained 73% and 80% of their expression, when probing with Wh2-11-1 and anti-V5 respectively. A similar reduction in ADAMTS13 expression was observed through Western blotting. Relative to cells transfected with plasmid ADAMTS13 alone, cells administered scrambled siRNA retained 79% of ADAMTS13 expression, while targeted siRNA transfection obliterated detectable levels of ADAMTS13 (Figure 3B).

Figure 3

Measurement of transient ADAMTS13 expression via FACS after siRNA knock-down

Analogously, we used Wh2-11-1 and an antibody against the C-terminal V5 tag of recombinant ADAMTS13 to detect gains in ADAMTS13-specific antibody reactivity which is reflected by gains in median fluorescence upon transfection with plasmid ADAMTS13 (pADAMTS13) in HEK293 cells. The anti-V5 antibody detects the recombinant protein only, while Wh2-11-1 measures total ADAMTS13 within the cell. Both antibodies yielded a significant gain in detection following transfection with pADAMTS13 (Figure 3A). The median fluorescence observed was always higher in pADAMTS13-transfected cells than in cells transfected with the empty vector control, which was verified by an immunoblot of cell lysates using the same two antibodies (Figure 3B). To accompany this flow cytometry study, confocal imaging of ADAMTS13 following pADAMTS13 transfection was performed. The increase in intracellular expression of ADAMTS13 following transfection is clearly evident in images of immunolabeled HEK293 cells using the same antibodies—anti-V5 and Wh2-11-1 (Figure 3C).

Finally, dose response experiments were conducted to determine the sensitivity of flow cytometry to various amounts of transfected DNA and transfection regent used during the process of transfecting pADAMTS13 into HEK293 cells. The response to increasing concentrations of DNA is clearly reflected in the increasing median fluorescence intensity measured by flow cytometry using Wh2-11-1 (Figure 4A). The saturation point was reached when using 5 µg DNA per 5 × 10⁵ cells in the transfection procedure. In another experiment, we varied the amount of Fugene6 transfection reagent but retained a constant amount of DNA (2 µg) (Figure 4B). In this experiment, we found a progressive increase in the percentage of transfected cells as we increased the concentration of the transfection reagent. With the use of 3, 6, 8 and 12 µL of Fugene6 transfection reagent, the percentage of transfected cells increased to 2.0, 5.3, 35.3 and 37.8, respectively. A further increase in the quantity of transfection reagent yielded no further increase in the transfected cells, and the percent of stained cells reached a plateau. The nature of this incremental increase in fluorescence signal obtained by flow cytometry clearly shows a dose response curve vis-à-vis the amount of DNA used to transfect the cells as well as the transfection reagent itself.

Figure 4

Detection of intracellular ADAMTS13 in transfected HEK293 via flow cytometry, Western blotting and confocal microscopy

ADAMTS13 is an unusual secreted protein, as it has both intracellular and extracellular functionality (8). We measured the activity of the secreted protein using the fluorescent substrate FRETS-VWF73, as described previously by Kokame and coworkers (20). As expected, an increase in intracellular ADAMTS13 measured by flow cytometry accurately predicts increased proteolytic activity of extracellular ADAMTS13 (data not shown), due to higher secretion levels of ADAMTS13 into the culture media following transfection.

Here, we have introduced flow cytometry as a novel method to detect and quantitatively measure expression levels of intracellular ADAMTS13. We have shown that the expression level of intracellular ADAMTS13 as determined by flow cytometry correlates well with previously established assays for ADAMTS13 detection: Western blotting, confocal imaging and FRETS-VWF activity assay.

The method described here, unlike immunoblotting of cell lysates, easily lends itself to high throughput assays. Thus, the technique could be useful in the standardization of protocols for the production of recombinant ADAMTS13. In addition, during large-scale production of ADAMTS13 this method would be useful in monitoring the expression levels at frequent intervals to ensure the quality of the protein, which is the most crucial issue for the production of any recombinant therapeutic protein.

Figure 5

Detection of recombinant ADAMTS13 in transfected HEK293 cells

Supplementary Material

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Evan Sadler, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO for the ADAMTS13-expressing plasmid. We thank Dr. Michael M. Gottesman and Dr. Sara Ladu, NCI, NIH for the 7404 and Alexander cell lines, respectively. In addition, our special thanks is expressed to Mr. George Leiman, NCI, NIH for insightful editorial assistance and to Dr. Robert Fisher, CBER, FDA for fruitful discussions.

Footnotes

COMPETING INTERESTS STATEMENT

The authors declare no competing interests.

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