LMO4 is an essential mediator of ErbB2/HER2/Neu-induced breast cancer cell cycle progression

doi:10.1038/onc.2009.221

Oncogene. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 April 15.

Published in final edited form as:

Oncogene. 2009 October 15; 28(41): 3608–3618.

Published online 2009 August 3. doi: 10.1038/onc.2009.221

PMCID: PMC2762490

NIHMSID: NIHMS125913

LMO4 is an essential mediator of ErbB2/HER2/Neu-induced breast cancer cell cycle progression

ME Montañez-Wiscovich,¹ DD Seachrist,¹ MD Landis,¹ J Visvader,³ B Andersen,⁴ and RA Keri^1,²

¹Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.

²Division of General Medical Sciences – Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA

³The Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium Laboratory, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia

⁴Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.

Corresponding author: Ruth A. Keri, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, Phone: 216-368-3495, Fax: 216-368-3395, Email: keri/at/case.edu

The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Oncogene

See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.

Abstract

ErbB2/HER2/Neu-overexpressing breast cancers are characterized by poor survival due to high proliferation and metastasis rates and identifying downstream targets of ErbB2 should facilitate developing novel therapies for this disease. Gene expression profiling revealed the transcriptional regulator LIM-only protein 4 [LMO4] is upregulated during ErbB2-induced mouse mammary gland tumorigenesis. While LMO4 is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and LMO4-overexpressing mice develop mammary epithelial tumors, the mechanisms involved are unknown. Herein, we report that LMO4 is a downstream target of ErbB2 and PI3K in ErbB2-dependent breast cancer cells. Furthermore, LMO4 silencing reduces proliferation of these cells, inducing a G2/M arrest that was associated with decreased cullin-3, an E3-ubiquitin ligase component important for mitosis. Loss of LMO4 subsequently results in reduced Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E. Further supporting a role for LMO4 in modulating proliferation by regulating cullin-3 expression, we found that LMO4 expression oscillates throughout the cell cycle with maximum expression occurring during G2/M and these changes precede oscillations in cullin-3 levels. LMO4 levels are also highest in high grade/less differentiated breast cancers, which are characteristically highly proliferative. We conclude that LMO4 is a novel cell cycle regulator with a key role in mediating ErbB2-induced proliferation, a hallmark of ErbB2-positive disease.

Keywords: Breast Cancer, cullin-3, ErbB2, HER2, LMO4

Introduction

The ErbB2/HER2/Neu gene is amplified in 15–30% of invasive breast cancers and this correlates with high grade tumors that are highly proliferative and convey poor outcome (Slamon et al., 1989). Currently, the most effective therapy for this subtype of breast cancer is trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds the extracellular domain of ErbB2 and inhibits receptor signaling. Although this therapy has proven successful for ~50% of patients with ErbB2-positive disease, many patients are resistant or develop resistance to this drug (Romond et al., 2005; Piccart-Gebhart et al., 2005). Furthermore, among those patients treated with trastuzumab, a significant proportion must discontinue treatment due to cardiotoxic side-effects (Seidman et al., 2002). Besides the clinical limitations of trastuzumab, tumor studies in mice have revealed that recurrence occurs after complete suppression of ErbB2 even though it initiated the primary tumors (Moody et al., 2005). This suggests that activation of additional autonomous oncogenic signals contributes to tumor cell survival and progression. Hence, identification of novel downstream targets of ErbB2 may be necessary to develop new treatment options.

ErbB2 is a member of the EGFR tyrosine kinase family, which also includes ErbB3 and ErbB4 (Yamamoto et al., 1986). Although ErbB2 does not bind any known ligand, growth factor binding to other family members induces ErbB2 activity because it is the preferred heterodimerization partner (Graus-Porta et al., 1997). Signaling via ErbB2 activates several major signaling pathways including MAPK (Ben Levy et al., 1994), PI3K/AKT (Peles et al., 1992), and PLCγ (Peles et al., 1991). These pathways induce proliferation, in part by upregulating the cell cycle protein, Cyclin D1 (Lenferink et al., 2001), which is essential for ErbB2-induced transformation (Yu et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2000). While several breakthroughs have been made in identifying early signaling events initiated by ErbB2, many of the downstream effectors of ErbB2-induced tumorigenesis remain unknown. Identification of these intermediates should provide significant insight into the molecular mechanisms employed by ErbB2 to induce breast cancer.

Correlative studies have indicated that the LIM-only protein 4 [LMO4] is overexpressed in the majority of breast cancers that also have ErbB2 amplification (Sum et al., 2005b). LMO4 belongs to the LIM-only family, which is characterized by two tandem, non-DNA binding LIM domains that confer the potential to interact with multiple proteins simultaneously (Rabbitts, 1998). Because LMO proteins bind to transcription factors and cofactors, they have been implicated in the control of gene expression by forming multimeric transcriptional complexes (Sum et al., 2002).

Conditional loss of LMO4 in the mammary gland results in reduced lobuloalveolar development with a concomitant decrease in cellular proliferation (Sum et al., 2005c; Wang et al., 2007). These findings suggest that LMO4 is necessary for expansion of the epithelial compartment of the mammary gland, possibly due to its regulation of proliferation. Supporting this notion, targeted overexpression of LMO4 in mouse mammary glands induces hyperplasia and tumors (Sum et al., 2005b). In vitro, overexpression of LMO4 or its binding partner Ldb1, inhibited expression of differentiation markers in mammary epithelial cells (Visvader et al., 2001), while LMO4 silencing is associated with decreased growth, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells (Sum et al., 2005b). Although these data implicate LMO4 in the pathogenesis of breast cancer through its modulation of proliferation, the mechanisms by which LMO4 regulates proliferation and the processes that control LMO4 expression and activity remain unknown.

In human breast cancers, LMO4 is overexpressed in 56% of all breast tumors (Visvader et al., 2001), and 65% of those that are positive for ErbB2 (Sum et al., 2005b). LMO4 mRNA is also elevated in several other cancers including prostate cancers (Mousses et al., 2002) and small cell lung carcinomas that fail chemotherapy (Taniwaki et al., 2006). Most importantly, multivariate analysis of human breast cancers suggests that LMO4 overexpression may account for much of the aggressiveness associated with ErbB2-overexpression (Sum et al., 2005b). However, a functional link between LMO4 and ErbB2 has yet to be identified.

Herein, we report that ErbB2 and its downstream signaling protein, PI3K, regulate LMO4 expression in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, LMO4 is necessary for ErbB2-mediated proliferation and cell cycle progression. LMO4 expression fluctuates throughout the cell cycle and is required for sustained expression of key cell cycle regulators: the G1 cyclin, Cyclin D1, and the G2/M ubiquitin E3-ligase component, cullin-3. We conclude LMO4 is an essential downstream effector of ErbB2-induced cell cycle progression and likely plays an important role in modulating the aggressiveness of various types of breast cancer.

Results and Discussion

LMO4 mRNA and protein are increased in ErbB2-induced tumors

We previously described the use of gene expression profiling to identify an ErbB2-induced “tumor signature” using the mouse model of breast cancer, MMTV-c-Neu, which overexpress ErbB2 in the mammary glands and develop tumors with mean latency of 10 months (Guy et al., 1992; Landis et al., 2005). Comparison of tumors and hyperplastic mammary glands to age-matched wild-type mammary glands revealed several differentially regulated genes. Among these, LMO4 mRNA expression was elevated in MMTV-c-Neu hyperplastic tissue relative to wild-type glands and was further increased in MMTV-c-Neu tumors (Landis et al., 2005), indicating that LMO4 gene expression gradually increases during the progression from pre-neoplastic glands to overt tumors (Figure 1a). Tumors showed ~5 fold increase in LMO4 mRNA levels compared to wild-type control glands. The presence of LMO4 mRNA was confirmed in an additional set of tumors by in situ hybridization. Expression of LMO4 mRNA occurred throughout the entire tumor suggesting most ErbB2-overexpressing tumor cells also overexpress LMO4 (Figure 1b). Furthermore, elevated LMO4 protein expression in tumors compared to wild-type glands was confirmed in additional samples (Figure 1c). Comparison of LMO4 expression across several murine mammary gland tumor models (Kuraguchi et al., 2009; Desai et al., 2002) revealed that LMO4 mRNA is preferentially upregulated in tumors that overexpress ErbB2/Neu, polyoma middle T antigen and HA-ras (Table 1). Since pathways initiated by these oncogenes show high degree of convergence (Dankort et al., 2000), these data indicate that elevated LMO4 expression in mouse mammary tumors is selectively associated with activation of ErbB2 and its downstream signaling pathways.

Figure 1

LMO4 mRNA and protein are increased in ErbB2-induced tumors. (a) Tumor (n=5) and hyperplastic (n=4) mammary glands from MMTV-c-Neu mice were compared to wild-type mammary glands (3 pools of n=5) using gene expression microarrays. LMO4 mRNA was elevated (more ...)

Table 1

LMO4 mRNA expression in murine models of breast cancer.

ErbB2 and PI3K activity are necessary for LMO4 expression

The coordinated increase in LMO4 expression that occurs with ErbB2 activation suggested that ErbB2 signaling may induce LMO4 expression. To characterize the mechanisms involved in upregulation of LMO4 in ErbB2-overexpressing tumors, we used various downstream pathway inhibitors in BT-474 breast cancer cells. This cell line overexpresses endogenous ErbB2 (Kraus et al., 1987), serving as an in vitro model to study ErbB2-induced carcinogenesis. To determine which signaling pathways may impact LMO4 expression, these cells were treated with inhibitors of EGFR (ZD1836), ErbB2 (AG825), PI3K (LY294002), MEK (PD98059), or JNK (JNK Inh II). Inhibition of EGFR, ErbB2 or PI3K led to a 28%, 86% or 75% decrease in LMO4 protein expression, respectively (Figure 2a/b, Supplemental Figure S1b). In contrast, inhibition of MEK or JNK had no effect on LMO4 protein levels. All inhibitor treatments blocked their respective pathways as indicated by changes in the phosphorylation status of various targets (Supplemental Figure S1a). To determine if the changes in LMO4 protein were the result of changes in gene expression, we analyzed LMO4 mRNA levels by qRT-PCR. Similar to the changes in protein, LMO4 mRNA expression was decreased by 80% upon inhibition of ErbB2 activity (Figure 2c), indicating that the changes in LMO4 protein expression that occur in response to altering ErbB2 activity are largely the result of changes in mRNA levels. Taken together, these data suggest that LMO4 gene expression is dependent on activation of ErbB2-containing hetero- or homodimers and their subsequent activation of PI3K. Surprisingly, LMO4 expression is not dependent upon AKT because modulation of AKT activity with a small molecule inhibitor, or transfection with dominant negative or constitutively active forms of AKT had no effect on LMO4 protein expression (Figure 2d). The dependency on PI3K, but not AKT, suggests that other targets of PIP₃ such as aPKC, PLC or integrin-linked kinase [ILK] may be involved in modulating LMO4 expression.

Figure 2

ErbB2 and PI3K activity are necessary for LMO4 expression. (a) Western blot analysis of LMO4 expression in BT-474 cells treated with the following small molecule inhibitors: ZD1836 (EGFR, 1 µM), AG825 (ErbB2, 20 µM), LY294002 (PI3K, 40 (more ...)

The LMO4 gene is not a primary target for somatic mutations (Sutherland et al., 2003) and is not rearranged or amplified in breast cancer cells (Wittlin et al., 2003). These findings, coupled with the requirement for sustained ErbB2 signaling to maintain LMO4 mRNA levels, suggested that ErbB2 may regulate LMO4 transcription. The LMO4 gene contains two promoters and 6 exons (Figure 2e) that generate a single protein (Wittlin et al., 2003). The two promoters generate two different mRNAs: one -containing exons 1a-5 (minus 1b) and another lacking exon 1a but containing exons 1b-5 (Wittlin et al., 2003). To assess transcriptional control of the LMO4 gene by ErbB2 signaling, transient transfection analyses were performed with 5’ deletion constructs of promoter 1 (P1) and promoter 2 (P2) linked to luciferase. Activities of the two promoters were assessed in BT-474 cells in the presence or absence of inhibitors of the ErbB2 signaling cascade (Figure 2e). Only the proximal promoter (P2) was responsive to ErbB2 inhibition, exhibiting a 50% decrease in activity with AG825, a selective ErbB2 inhibitor. In contrast, the selective PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) suppressed both fragments obtained from the distal (P1) promoter, P1–1300/+34 and P1–100/+34, by 61% and 53%, respectively, as well as the proximal (P2) promoter by 76%. While only the proximal promoter of the LMO4 gene contains an ErbB2 responsive domain, these data indicate that multiple PI3K responsive elements reside within promoter regulatory regions with at least one element occurring in each of the distal and proximal promoters. The differential effect of the ErbB2 and PI3K inhibitors on the two promoter regions suggests that they may be under distinct control, with signaling factors other than ErbB2 that are upstream of PI3K regulating the LMO4 distal promoter. Indeed, the ErbB2 inhibitor only decreases a fraction of the active PI3K in the cell at any given time (Supplemental Figure S1a) and other active receptors in the cell, such as the insulin receptor (Sanchez-Margalet et al., 1994), may still signal through PI3K.

To further delineate the mechanisms by which ErbB2 regulates LMO4 expression, ErbB2 was overexpressed in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which have low ErbB2 levels. Overexpression of ErbB2 results in 2.7 fold induction of LMO4 protein (Supplemental Figure S2a/b). The increase in LMO4 protein is associated with 1.7 fold induction of the LMO4 proximal promoter as well as a slight increase in activity from the P1–100/+34 distal promoter construct (Supplemental Figure S2c). Comparison of these ErbB2-induced changes revealed that much of the increase in LMO4 protein expression can be explained by an increase in LMO4 promoter activity. However, the lack of complete concordance between promoter activity and protein levels indicates that ErbB2 may utilize additional mechanisms of LMO4 regulation such as changes in mRNA stability (Chen et al., 2007) or use of additional promoter regulatory regions.

Although LMO4 overexpression is frequently observed in primary breast cancers, the signaling cascades that control its expression have remained elusive. Our data suggest that LMO4 is a novel downstream target of the ErbB2 signaling cascade that proceeds through the PI3K signaling arm. The ability of ErbB2 to induce LMO4 is supported by correlative clinical data in which overexpression of LMO4 is seen in 65% of ErbB2 positive breast cancers (Sum et al., 2005b) and in vitro data in which treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with heregulin, an ErbB agonist, elevates LMO4 mRNA (Wang et al., 2004). Furthermore, the requirement for both LMO4 (Wang et al., 2004; Sum et al., 2005c) and ErbB2 (Andrechek et al., 2005) in normal mammary gland development and the ability of these two factors to induce mammary cancer when overexpressed points to the possibility that LMO4 may be an intermediary of ErbB2.

LMO4 regulates proliferation of ErbB2-dependent breast cancer cells

LMO4 promotes the growth of multiple breast cancer cell lines (Sum et al., 2005b). Thus, we postulated that LMO4 may also be required for ErbB2-induced proliferation. To silence LMO4 gene expression, transient transfections were performed with either non-silencing siRNA (NS) or siRNA directed to LMO4 (siLMO4#3) in BT-474 and SKBR3 cells, both of which rely on sustained ErbB2 expression for proliferation (Yakes et al., 2002). LMO4-directed siRNA reduced LMO4 protein levels by ~90 % in BT-474 (Figure 3a) and SKBR3 cells (Figure 3c). BrdU incorporation was then used to identify proliferating cells. Knock-down of LMO4 resulted in a ~40% decrease in the percent of BrdU-positive cells in both cell lines (Figure 3 b/d), suggesting that LMO4 is necessary to sustain proliferation in ErbB2-dependent breast cancer cells. The requirement for LMO4 for proliferation is consistent with its expression pattern in the mouse mammary gland where it is highly expressed in cap cells and in alveolar cells during development, two sites with elevated proliferation rates (Sum et al., 2005a). LMO4 is expressed in highly proliferating epithelial cells of other tissues as well (Sum et al., 2005a; Sugihara et al., 1998). Our data extends these results by showing that LMO4 expression is not only regulated by ErbB2 activity, but that it is also required for proliferation of breast cancer cells that are dependent on ErbB2 signaling.

Figure 3

LMO4 regulates proliferation of ErbB2-dependent breast cancer cells. BT-474 and SKBR3 cells were transiently transfected with non-silencing siRNA (NS), or an siRNA directed to LMO4 (siLMO4#3). 36 hrs after transfection, cells were pulsed with BrdU for (more ...)

LMO4 is required for maintenance of Cyclin D1 mRNA and protein expression in cells with constitutive ErbB2 signaling as well as for heregulin-induced upregulation of Cyclin D1

To identify the mechanisms underlying LMO4-mediated proliferation in response to ErbB2, we evaluated the effects of LMO4 knock-down on Cyclin D1, an ErbB2 target that is essential for formation of ErbB2-induced mammary tumors in mice (Lee et al., 2000) and a well-established modulator of the G1/S cell cycle transition (Resnitzky et al., 1994). RNAi was used to knock-down LMO4 in BT-474 cells and Cyclin D1 protein expression was analyzed by immunoblotting. Silencing LMO4 protein by ~90% resulted in ~80% reduction in Cyclin D1 protein levels as well as decreased expression of another regulator of the G1/S transition, Cyclin E (Figure 4a/b). Importantly, loss of LMO4 resulted in decreased Cyclin D1 expression in several cell lines, including the non-ErbB2 overexpressing cell line, HEK-293T (data not shown), and the ErbB2-overexpressing cell line SKBR3 (Figure 4a), indicating that LMO4 is necessary for sustained Cyclin D1 expression in multiple cell types, including those that do not require ErbB2 for proliferation. Because LMO4 is a transcriptional modulator, we analyzed Cyclin D1 mRNA by real time RT-PCR. Similar to the changes in protein expression, inhibition of LMO4 expression using two different siRNAs resulted in a concomitant decrease in Cyclin D1 mRNA (Figure 4c). Over the course of several RNAi experiments, we achieved titratable suppression of LMO4 resulting in an ability to assess the dose-response relationship between LMO4 and Cyclin D1. There is a significant linear relationship between LMO4 and Cyclin D1 mRNAs, particularly in the lower range of LMO4 mRNA levels (r = 0.93, Figure 4d). Taken together, these data suggest that LMO4 regulates the expression of Cyclin D1.

Figure 4

LMO4 is required for maintenance of Cyclin D1 mRNA and protein expression in cells with constitutive ErbB2 signaling as well as for heregulin-induced upregulation of Cyclin D1. (a,b) Analysis of changes in Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E protein levels in response (more ...)

The experiments performed above utilized BT-474 cells, in which ErbB2 is constitutively active, and do not address the potential role of LMO4 as an intermediary between acute ErbB2 activation and upregulation of Cyclin D1. To determine if LMO4 is essential for transient induction of Cyclin D1 by active ErbB2 signaling, we used a ligand activation model. This involved treating MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which express low levels of ErbB2, with heregulin, a ligand for ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors (Stern, 2003) that indirectly activates ErbB2 by heterodimerization (Beerli et al., 1996) and accelerates cell cycle progression (Lewis et al., 1996). Heregulin induced Cyclin D1 protein levels by 3 fold and this induction was blocked with LMO4 silencing (Figure 4e/f). Hence, LMO4 is necessary for the acute upregulation of Cyclin D1 that occurs with ErbB family signaling. The critical role that Cyclin D1 plays in the cell cycle and the exquisite reliance of Cyclin D1 on LMO4 suggests that LMO4 may be an obligate intermediate between ErbB2 and cell cycle progression.

LMO4 regulates G2/M transition by inducing cullin-3 expression

The requirement for LMO4 expression for proliferation and sustained expression of cell cycle genes involved in the G1/S transition, such as Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E, suggested that LMO4 may be necessary for traversing the G1/S transition in ErbB2-dependent breast cancer cells. To test this supposition, LMO4 expression was silenced in BT-474 and SKBR3 cells and cell cycle progression analyzed by flow cytometry. Knock-down of LMO4 had no significant effect in the percentage of cells in subG1, indicating that loss of LMO4 does not result in an increase in cell death in these cells (Figure 5a/b). Unexpectedly, when LMO4 expression was silenced, the percentage of cells in G1 decreased while the percentage of cells in G2/M increased. In BT-474 cells, reducing LMO4 expression resulted in a 30% increase in the percentage of cells in G2/M (Figure 5a). In SKBR3 cells, LMO4 knock-down resulted in 70% increase in the percentage of cells in S phase and 50% increase in the percentage of cells in G2/M, when compared to non-silencing controls (Figure 5b). Thus, LMO4 loss induces a G2/M phase arrest in both cell lines, and it also induces an S phase delay in SKBR3 cells. The S phase delay could be caused by additional activation of cell cycle checkpoints involved in detection of DNA damage (Ismail et al., 2007). LMO4 silencing was previously reported to cause a G1/S arrest (Sum et al., 2005b). However, those studies contrast with the current analysis by utilizing breast cancer cells that were not dependent on ErbB2 signaling. It is feasible that LMO4 integrates multiple signals that promote cell cycle progression and that it regulates target genes in a breast cancer subtype-specific manner. We suggest that LMO4 directly targets G2/M regulators and this leads to the indirect regulation of G1-associated cell cycle modulators (i.e., Cyclins D1 and E).

Figure 5

LMO4 regulates G2/M transition by inducing cullin-3 expression. (a,b) BT-474 (a) and SKBR3 (b) cells were transfected with a non-silencing (NS) siRNA or siRNA directed to LMO4 (siLMO4#3). Thirty-six hours after the end of transfection, cells were stained (more ...)

To further examine the mechanism by which LMO4 controls proliferation, we sought to identify cell cycle genes that are more proximally regulated by LMO4. To detect these primary changes, we chose the earliest time-point after siRNA transfection that results in >80% suppression of LMO4. Changes in mRNA expression were then assessed using a qRT-PCR array that interrogates 84 cell cycle genes. Using a 2-fold change and statistical significance of p<0.05 as thresholds, only a single gene was differentially expressed. The mRNA for cullin-3 [cul3] was decreased ~25 fold immediately following LMO4 silencing (p<0.02, compared to non-silencing controls, Figure 5c). The change in cul3 was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR of independent knock-down experiments (Figure 5d). Cul3-based E3 ubiquitin ligases are multiprotein complexes that regulate the turnover of proteins involved in cell division and assembly of the mitotic spindle. These complexes also sense DNA damage (Ribar et al., 2007). Cullin-3 acts as a scaffold for RING domain proteins that recruit the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2) and substrates with recognition modules known as BTB [Broad-complex, Tramtrack, Bric-a-brac], bringing them into close proximity to the ubiquitin ligase complex (E3) (Xu et al., 2003). Transient knock-down of cul3 in HeLa cells results in misaligned chromosomes during metaphase, delayed entry into anaphase, and failure to complete cytokinesis (Sumara et al., 2007), indicating that cul3 is essential for mitotic progression. The role of cul3 during mitosis and the dependency of cul3 expression on LMO4 suggested that LMO4 stimulates cell cycle progression by inducing expression of cul3. Since LMO4 does not directly bind DNA, determining if LMO4 directly regulates the cul3 gene will first require identification of a cis-acting LMO4 response element(s) within the gene followed by characterization of LMO4’s interaction with proteins that bind such element(s).

Since LMO4 is itself regulated by ErbB2 signaling, we determined if ErbB2 activity is also necessary for cul3 expression. Treatment of BT-474 cells with the ErbB2 inhibitor, AG825, results in a decrease of LMO4 mRNA (Figure 2c) and this is accompanied by a ~50% reduction in cul3 mRNA (Figure 5e). The requirement for LMO4 for ErbB2-induced G2/M progression and the dependency of cul3 on sustained LMO4 expression lead us to conclude that LMO4 is an intermediary between ErbB2 signaling and cul3-induced progression through mitosis.

LMO4 expression oscillates throughout the cell cycle with peak expression occurring at G2/M phase

The 3’ UTR of the LMO4 mRNA contains three adenine- and uridine-rich elements [ARE] that are involved in regulation of LMO4 mRNA stability in response to fluctuating levels of extracellular ATP (Chen et al., 2007). AREs also promote the rapid decay of many cell cycle regulating mRNAs, including Cyclin D1, Cyclin B1, Cyclin A and p21 (Lal et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2000). The ability of LMO4 to control proliferation coupled with the fact that the LMO4 mRNA can undergo rapid decay lead us to hypothesize that LMO4 protein expression may oscillate throughout the cell cycle. To test this, we quantified the pattern of LMO4 expression in synchronized HEK-293T cells as they progressed through the cell cycle following release from an aphidicolin-induced G1/S blockade. HEK-293T cells were used since they are resistant to chromosomal breaks and gaps after aphidicolin treatment (Caporossi et al., 1995; Junaid et al., 2007). In addition, LMO4 silencing inhibits growth of these cells (data not shown). LMO4 protein expression increased ~3 fold nine hrs after aphidicolin release compared to earlier time points, and then decreased back to baseline (Figure 6b), suggesting LMO4 expression is dynamic and that it fluctuates during cell division. Peak LMO4 expression coincides with maximal accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, while the lowest LMO4 levels occurred during G1 (Figure 6b). The changes in LMO4 expression preceded oscillations in cul3 mRNA (Figure 6b). Maximum expression of cul3 occurred during late G2/M phases (Figure 6b), which coincide with its role in mitosis and cytokinesis. The peak in LMO4 protein precedes the peak in cul3 mRNA expression, which is consistent with a role for LMO4 in regulating cullin-3 and progression through the cell cycle. Of note, the pattern of LMO4 expression during the cell cycle is reminiscent of Cyclin B1 expression (Pines et al., 1989), opening the possibility that LMO4 may be regulated by this cyclin. Moreover, the modulation of LMO4 in these kidney derived cells suggests that LMO4 may be an important regulator of the cell cycle in many cell types. Together, these results indicate that LMO4 acts as a classic cell cycle regulator, being modulated by specific stages of the cycle and having a distinct target (i.e., cul3) that is essential for traversing G2/M phase.

Figure 6

LMO4 expression oscillates throughout the cell cycle with peak expression occurring at G2/M phase. HEK-293T cells were synchronized using aphidicolin (1.5 µg/mL). After re-initiation of the cell cycle with removal of aphidicolin and addition of (more ...)

In summary, we have found that LMO4 is an essential target of ErbB2-induced cell cycle progression. As depicted in Figure 7, our studies revealed that LMO4 gene expression is induced by ErbB2 and PI3K signaling and that LMO4 is required for progression through the cell cycle since loss of LMO4 results in a G2/M arrest. Early events occurring after LMO4 silencing suggest the ubiquitin E3 ligase scaffold protein, cullin-3, is a target of LMO4 that promotes progression through G2/M. The arrest of cells at G2/M following loss of LMO4 inhibits subsequent progression through the cell cycle and thus also impedes the accumulation of the G1 cyclins. Furthermore, LMO4 displays a periodicity reminiscent of many other integral cell cycle regulatory proteins.

Figure 7

LMO4 is an essential intermediate of ErbB2-induced proliferation. LMO4 is target of ErbB2 signaling that induces proliferation. This pathway begins with ErbB2 regulation of PI3K activity, which controls expression of the transcriptional modulator LMO4 (more ...)

The role of cell cycle proteins in human breast cancers is indubitable. Proliferation rates and, more specifically, expression of cell cycle-correlated genes predict outcome of breast cancer, regardless of initiating oncogenic event (Mosley et al., 2008). In keeping with its essential role in proliferation, evaluation of publicly available gene expression data indicates that the highest quartile of LMO4 mRNA expression is associated with poorly differentiated, high grade breast tumors when compared to well-differentiated and low-grade tumors in two independent studies (Table 2) (Rhodes et al., 2004; Ivshina et al., 2006; Desmedt et al., 2007). Given LMO4’s newly demonstrated role in proliferation, it is not surprising to observe that high nuclear LMO4 expression correlates with poor survival of breast cancer patients (Sum et al., 2005b). Thus, we conclude that LMO4 functions as a general cell cycle regulator that is commandeered by ErbB2 to drive mitotic progression by regulating expression of various cell cycle proteins.

Table 2

LMO4 overexpression is associated with high-grade, poorly differentiated breast cancers.

Materials and Methods

Cells

BT-474 (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were grown in Hybricare 46X media (ATCC) supplemented with 0.01 mg/mL bovine insulin and 10% serum. MCF-7 and HEK-293T cells (ATCC) were grown in DMEM (Mediatech, Manassas, VA, USA) with 10% FBS. SKBR3 (ATCC) were grown in McCoy’s medium with 10% FBS (Mediatech).

Compounds and expression vectors

Following 24 hrs of serum-starvation, heregulin (377-HB, 5 ng/mL, R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) or the following inhibitors were used: Tyrphostin AG825 (ErbB2, 20 µM, Calbiochem, San Diego, CA, USA), ZD1836 (EGFR, 1 µM, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA), LY294002 (PI3K, 40 µM, Promega, Madison, WI, USA), PD98059 (MEK, 20 µM, Promega), JNK Inhibitor II (JNK, 25 µM, Calbiochem) and AKT Inhibitor V (AKT, 5 µM, Calbiochem). Myristolated-AKT (constitutively active AKT) and AKT K179M (kinase inactive AKT) vectors were a gift from S. Brady-Kalnay. LZRS-vector and LZRS-ErbB2 plasmids were a gift from E. Johnson and G. Bernardo.

BrdU Immunostaining

After siRNA transfection, cells were pulsed with 100 µM BrdU (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and fixed with methanol. Cells were then incubated with a BrdU antibody (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA) was used for detection and vectashield aqueous mounting media with DAPI was used as counterstain. At least 3 independent experiments were performed, each with at least two replicate samples. Percent of BrdU-positive cells was calculated by obtaining images of at least 5 different fields/replicate and counting the number of BrdU-positive cells and the number of total cells/field. In this manner, a minimum of 200 total cells/replicate sample were counted.

Cell cycle arrest

HEK-293T cells were synchronized with 1.5 µg/mL of aphidicolin (Sigma) in serum-free media. After 14 hrs, medium was changed to media containing 10% serum. Cells were then harvested at various time points for protein, mRNA and flow cytometry analysis.

Flow cytometry

Cells were harvested and fixed with 0.25% methanol-free formaldehyde for 10 min at 37°C. Fixed cells were resuspended in Propidium Iodide/RNase solution (100 µg/mL propidium iodide, 0.1% Nonidet P-40, 0.1% NaN₃ and 1.2% RNase A) and incubated for 30 min at 37°C. Flow cytometry was completed by the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Cytometry Core facility.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using one or two-tailed Student’s t-test with p-values less than 0.05 considered significant. Correlation coefficient was determined by calculating the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, r.

Supplementary Material

Click here to view.^{(55K, doc)}

Click here to view.^{(435K, jpg)}

Click here to view.^{(747K, jpg)}

Acknowledgments

We thank Jonathan Mosley for help with statistical analyses, Meredith Sorenson for technical support and members of the Keri laboratory, especially Gina Bernardo and Emhonta Johnson, for useful discussions. We are grateful for assistance from the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center core facilities (P30 CA43703). This work was supported by: RO1-CA090398 (RAK), CURE supplemental grant to RO1-CA090398 (RAK), T32-GM007250 (MEMW), and F31-CA123642 (MEMW).

Footnotes

Supplementary materials: Supplementary data and methods, including microarray analysis, in situ hybridization, LMO4 promoter cloning, transfection and RT-PCR protocols, are available at Oncogene (http://www.nature.com/onc/).

References

Andrechek ER, White D, Muller WJ. Targeted disruption of ErbB2/Neu in the mammary epithelium results in impaired ductal outgrowth. Oncogene. 2005;24:932–937. [PubMed]
Beerli RR, Hynes NE. Epidermal growth factor-related peptides activate distinct subsets of ErbB receptors and differ in their biological activities. J. Biol. Chem. 1996;271:6071–6076. [PubMed]
Ben Levy R, Paterson HF, Marshall CJ, Yarden Y. A single autophosphorylation site confers oncogenicity to the Neu/ErbB-2 receptor and enables coupling to the MAP kinase pathway. EMBO J. 1994;13:3302–3311. [PubMed]
Caporossi D, Vernole P, Nicoletti B, Tedeschi B. Characteristic chromosomal fragility of human embryonic cells exposed in vitro to aphidicolin. Hum. Genet. 1995;96:269–274. [PubMed]
Chen HH, Xu J, Safarpour F, Stewart AF. LMO4 mRNA stability is regulated by extracellular ATP in F11 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007;357:56–61. [PubMed]
Cushman LJ, Watkins-Chow DE, Brinkmeier ML, Raetzman LT, Radak AL, Lloyd RV, et al. Persistent Prop1 expression delays gonadotrope differentiation and enhances pituitary tumor susceptibility. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2001;10:1141–1153. [PubMed]
Dankort DL, Muller WJ. Signal transduction in mammary tumorigenesis: a transgenic perspective. Oncogene. 2000;19:1038–1044. [PubMed]
Desai KV, Xiao N, Wang W, Gangi L, Greene J, Powell JI, et al. Initiating oncogenic event determines gene-expression patterns of human breast cancer models. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002;99:6967–6972. [PubMed]
Desmedt C, Piette F, Loi S, Wang Y, Lallemand F, Haibe-Kains B, et al. Strong time dependence of the 76-gene prognostic signature for node-negative breast cancer patients in the TRANSBIG multicenter independent validation series. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007;13:3207–3214. [PubMed]
Graus-Porta D, Beerli RR, Daly JM, Hynes NE. ErbB-2, the preferred heterodimerization partner of all ErbB receptors, is a mediator of lateral signaling. EMBO J. 1997;16:1647–1655. [PubMed]
Guy CT, Webster MA, Schaller M, Parsons TJ, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ. Expression of the neu protooncogene in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice induces metastatic disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992;89:10578–10582. [PubMed]
Ismail IA, Kang KS, Lee HA, Kim JW, Sohn YK. Genistein-induced neuronal apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest is associated with MDC1 up-regulation and PLK1 down-regulation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007;575:12–20. [PubMed]
Ivshina AV, George J, Senko O, Mow B, Putti TC, Smeds J, et al. Genetic reclassification of histologic grade delineates new clinical subtypes of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2006;66:10292–10301. [PubMed]
Junaid A, Moon MC, Harding GE, Zahradka P. Osteopontin localizes to the nucleus of 293 cells and associates with polo-like kinase-1. Am. J. Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007;292:C919–C926. [PubMed]
Keri RA, Bachmann DJ, Behrooz A, Herr BD, Ameduri RK, Quirk CC, et al. An NF-Y binding site is important for basal, but not gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated, expression of the luteinizing hormone beta subunit gene. J. Biol. Chem. 2000;275:13082–13088. [PubMed]
Kraus MH, Popescu NC, Amsbaugh SC, King CR. Overexpression of the EGF receptor-related proto-oncogene erbB-2 in human mammary tumor cell lines by different molecular mechanisms. EMBO J. 1987;6:605–610. [PubMed]
Kuraguchi M, Ohene-Baah NY, Sonkin D, Bronson RT, Kucherlapati R. Genetic mechanisms in apc-mediated mammary tumorigenesis. PLoS. Genet. 2009;5:e1000367. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Lal A, Mazan-Mamczarz K, Kawai T, Yang X, Martindale JL, Gorospe M. Concurrent versus individual binding of HuR and AUF1 to common labile target mRNAs. EMBO J. 2004;23:3092–3102. [PubMed]
Landis MD, Seachrist DD, Montanez-Wiscovich ME, Danielpour D, Keri RA. Gene expression profiling of cancer progression reveals intrinsic regulation of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in ErbB2/Neu-induced tumors from transgenic mice. Oncogene. 2005;24:5173–5190. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Lee RJ, Albanese C, Fu M, D'Amico M, Lin B, Watanabe G, et al. Cyclin D1 is required for transformation by activated Neu and is induced through an E2F-dependent signaling pathway. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000;20:672–683. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Lenferink AE, Busse D, Flanagan WM, Yakes FM, Arteaga CL. ErbB2/neu kinase modulates cellular p27(Kip1) and cyclin D1 through multiple signaling pathways. Cancer Res. 2001;61:6583–6591. [PubMed]
Lewis GD, Lofgren JA, McMurtrey AE, Nuijens A, Fendly BM, Bauer KD, et al. Growth regulation of human breast and ovarian tumor cells by heregulin: Evidence for the requirement of ErbB2 as a critical component in mediating heregulin responsiveness. Cancer Res. 1996;56:1457–1465. [PubMed]
Moody SE, Perez D, Pan TC, Sarkisian CJ, Portocarrero CP, Sterner CJ, et al. The transcriptional repressor Snail promotes mammary tumor recurrence. Cancer Cell. 2005;8:197–209. [PubMed]
Mosley JD, Keri RA. Cell cycle correlated genes dictate the prognostic power of breast cancer gene lists. BMC. Med. Genomics. 2008;1:11. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Mousses S, Bubendorf L, Wagner U, Hostetter G, Kononen J, Cornelison R, et al. Clinical validation of candidate genes associated with prostate cancer progression in the CWR22 model system using tissue microarrays. Cancer Res. 2002;62:1256–1260. [PubMed]
Peles E, Lamprecht R, Ben Levy R, Tzahar E, Yarden Y. Regulated coupling of the Neu receptor to phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and its release by oncogenic activation. J. Biol. Chem. 1992;267:12266–12274. [PubMed]
Peles E, Levy RB, Or E, Ullrich A, Yarden Y. Oncogenic forms of the neu/HER2 tyrosine kinase are permanently coupled to phospholipase C gamma. EMBO J. 1991;10:2077–2086. [PubMed]
Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Procter M, Leyland-Jones B, Goldhirsch A, Untch M, Smith I, et al. Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;353:1659–1672. [PubMed]
Pines J, Hunter T. Isolation of a human cyclin cDNA: evidence for cyclin mRNA and protein regulation in the cell cycle and for interaction with p34cdc2. Cell. 1989;58:833–846. [PubMed]
Rabbitts TH. LMO T-cell translocation oncogenes typify genes activated by chromosomal translocations that alter transcription and developmental processes. Genes Dev. 1998;12:2651–2657. [PubMed]
Resnitzky D, Gossen M, Bujard H, Reed SI. Acceleration of the G1/S phase transition by expression of cyclins D1 and E with an inducible system. Mol. Cell Biol. 1994;14:1669–1679. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Rhodes DR, Yu J, Shanker K, Deshpande N, Varambally R, Ghosh D, et al. ONCOMINE: a cancer microarray database and integrated data-mining platform. Neoplasia. 2004;6:1–6. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Ribar B, Prakash L, Prakash S. ELA1 and CUL3 are required along with ELC1 for RNA polymerase II polyubiquitylation and degradation in DNA-damaged yeast cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 2007;27:3211–3216. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, Suman VJ, Geyer CE, Jr, Davidson NE, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;353:1673–1684. [PubMed]
Sanchez-Margalet V, Goldfine ID, Vlahos CJ, Sung CK. Role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase in insulin receptor signaling: studies with inhibitor, LY294002. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994;204:446–452. [PubMed]
Seidman A, Hudis C, Pierri MK, Shak S, Paton V, Ashby M, et al. Cardiac dysfunction in the trastuzumab clinical trials experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002;20:1215–1221. [PubMed]
Slamon DJ, Godolphin W, Jones LA, Holt JA, Wong SG, Keith DE, et al. Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science. 1989;244:707–712. [PubMed]
Stern DF. ErbBs in mammary development. Exp. Cell Res. 2003;284:89–98. [PubMed]
Sugihara TM, Bach I, Kioussi C, Rosenfeld MG, Andersen B. Mouse deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1 recruits a LIM domain factor, LMO-4, and CLIM coregulators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998;95:15418–15423. [PubMed]
Sum EY, O'Reilly LA, Jonas N, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. The LIM domain protein Lmo4 is highly expressed in proliferating mouse epithelial tissues. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 2005a;53:475–486. [PubMed]
Sum EY, Peng B, Yu X, Chen J, Byrne J, Lindeman GJ, et al. The LIM domain protein LMO4 interacts with the cofactor CtIP and the tumor suppressor BRCA1 and inhibits BRCA1 activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2002;277:7849–7856. [PubMed]
Sum EY, Segara D, Duscio B, Bath ML, Field AS, Sutherland RL, et al. Overexpression of LMO4 induces mammary hyperplasia, promotes cell invasion, and is a predictor of poor outcome in breast cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005b;102:7659–7664. [PubMed]
Sum EY, Shackleton M, Hahm K, Thomas RM, O'Reilly LA, Wagner KU, et al. Loss of the LIM domain protein Lmo4 in the mammary gland during pregnancy impedes lobuloalveolar development. Oncogene. 2005c;24:4820–4828. [PubMed]
Sumara I, Quadroni M, Frei C, Olma MH, Sumara G, Ricci R, et al. A Cul3-based E3 ligase removes Aurora B from mitotic chromosomes, regulating mitotic progression and completion of cytokinesis in human cells. Dev. Cell. 2007;12:887–900. [PubMed]
Sutherland KD, Visvader JE, Choong DY, Sum EY, Lindeman GJ, Campbell IG. Mutational analysis of the LMO4 gene, encoding a BRCA1-interacting protein, in breast carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer. 2003;107:155–158. [PubMed]
Taniwaki M, Daigo Y, Ishikawa N, Takano A, Tsunoda T, Yasui W, et al. Gene expression profiles of small-cell lung cancers: molecular signatures of lung cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 2006;29:567–575. [PubMed]
Visvader JE, Venter D, Hahm K, Santamaria M, Sum EY, O'Reilly L, et al. The LIM domain gene LMO4 inhibits differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in vitro and is overexpressed in breast cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001;98:14452–14457. [PubMed]
Wang N, Kudryavtseva E, Ch'en IL, McCormick J, Sugihara TM, Ruiz R, et al. Expression of an engrailed-LMO4 fusion protein in mammary epithelial cells inhibits mammary gland development in mice. Oncogene. 2004;23:1507–1513. [PubMed]
Wang N, Lin KK, Lu Z, Lam KS, Newton R, Xu X, et al. The LIM-only factor LMO4 regulates expression of the BMP7 gene through an HDAC2-dependent mechanism, and controls cell proliferation and apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene. 2007;26:6431–6441. [PubMed]
Wang W, Caldwell MC, Lin S, Furneaux H, Gorospe M. HuR regulates cyclin A and cyclin B1 mRNA stability during cell proliferation. EMBO J. 2000;19:2340–2350. [PubMed]
Wittlin S, Sum EY, Jonas NK, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. Two promoters within the human LMO4 gene contribute to its overexpression in breast cancer cells. Genomics. 2003;82:280–287. [PubMed]
Xu L, Wei Y, Reboul J, Vaglio P, Shin TH, Vidal M, et al. BTB proteins are substrate-specific adaptors in an SCF-like modular ubiquitin ligase containing CUL-3. Nature. 2003;425:316–321. [PubMed]
Yakes FM, Chinratanalab W, Ritter CA, King W, Seelig S, Arteaga CL. Herceptin-induced inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and Akt Is required for antibody-mediated effects on p27, cyclin D1, and antitumor action. Cancer Res. 2002;62:4132–4141. [PubMed]
Yamamoto T, Ikawa S, Akiyama T, Semba K, Nomura N, Miyajima N, et al. Similarity of protein encoded by the human c-erb-B-2 gene to epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature. 1986;319:230–234. [PubMed]
Yu Q, Geng Y, Sicinski P. Specific protection against breast cancers by cyclin D1 ablation. Nature. 2001;411:1017–1021. [PubMed]