Infectivity of porcine circovirus type 2 DNA in semen from experimentally-infected boars

doi:10.1051/vetres:2008048

Vet Res. 2009 Jan-Feb; 40(1): 10.

Published online 2008 October 31. doi: 10.1051/vetres:2008048

PMCID: PMC2695020

Infectivity of porcine circovirus type 2 DNA in semen from experimentally-infected boars

Darin M. Madson,¹ Sheela Ramamoorthy,² Chris Kuster,³ Narinder Pal,¹ Xiang-Jin Meng,² Patrick G. Halbur,¹ and Tanja Opriessnig¹^*

¹Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA

²Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

³Kuster Research and Consulting, 22509 East 1680th Street, Geneseo, Illinois, 61254, USA

^*Corresponding author: Email: tanjaopr/at/iastate.edu

Received July 16, 2008; Accepted October 29, 2008.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important pathogen. It has been demonstrated that PCV2 DNA can be detected in boar semen by PCR; however, the biological relevance of this is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine if semen positive for PCV2 DNA is infectious (1) in a swine bioassay, or (2) when used for artificial insemination. For the first objective, 4-week-old pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally with PCV2 DNA-negative (bioassay-control; n = 3), PCV2a DNA-positive (bioassay-PCV2a; n = 3), or PCV2b DNA-positive (bioassay-PCV2b; n = 3) raw semen, or PCV2 live virus (bioassay-positive; n = 3), respectively. Pigs inoculated with PCV2 DNA-positive semen and PCV2 live virus became viremic and developed anti-PCV2 antibodies indicating that the PCV2 DNA present in semen was infectious. For the second objective, three Landrace gilts were inseminated with PCV2 DNA-negative semen (gilts-controls) from experimentally-infected boars, and six gilts were artificially inseminated with semen positive for PCV2a DNA (gilts-PCV2a; n = 3) or PCV2b DNA (gilts-PCV2b; n = 3). Serum samples collected from the gilts in all groups remained negative for anti-PCV2 antibodies for the duration of the experiment. In addition, fetal serum samples from all 105-day-gestation fetuses were negative for anti-PCV2 antibodies or PCV2 DNA. Under the conditions of this study, PCV2 DNA-positive semen was not infectious when used to artificially inseminate gilts; however, it was demonstrated to be infectious in a swine bioassay model and therefore is a potential means of PCV2 transmission amongst swine herds.

Keywords: artificial insemination, bioassay, boar, PCV2, semen

1. INTRODUCTION

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with many disease entities among growing and mature swine, including reproductive failure in pregnant females [31]. In breeding herds, natural infection of pregnant animals with PCV2 has been associated with reproductive failure manifested as abortions, mummification of fetuses and stillbirths with identification of PCV2 antigen associated with lesions in fetal tissues [17, 26, 57].

Vertical transmission of PCV2 can occur due to viremia of the dam leading to transplacental infection of in utero fetuses [17, 26, 34, 57]. The virus is capable of replicating in fetal tissues [13, 42, 59] and has a tropism for mitotically active cells within tissues which change depending on fetal age [43].

Currently little is known about the role of PCV2 in semen and the transmission of PCV2 to dams or fetuses. Artificial insemination has become standard practice by most large production systems in North America in recent decades which followed the trend occurring in Europe [9]. In 2001, it was estimated that nearly 60% of the swine herds in North America were practicing artificial insemination [50] as compared with Europe where estimates approach 90% or greater [9, 19, 21]. The main advantage of artificial insemination is genetic improvement [37]. However, semen may be a source for virus introduction and rapid spread [11], and monitoring boar centers particularly for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a common practice to prevent disease transmission [41]. Currently, monitoring for PCV2 is not routinely done at Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories.

Detection of PCV2 DNA in semen has been accomplished by using nested PCR (nPCR) techniques [14, 18, 23], quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) [33], and virus isolation [14]. PCV2 DNA was found to be shed intermittently or continuously in experimentally challenged boars [18, 20]. The amount of PCV2 DNA in semen is generally in low quantities and serum viremia usually precedes detection in semen [18, 20]. In addition, shedding of PCV2 DNA in semen has been reported up to 27.3 months in naturally infected boars [23]. All associated sex glands contain PCV2 DNA after infection [20] and PCV2 antigen can also be detected in interstitial macrophages and fibroblast-like cells in sex glands of affected boars [29].

To date, it is unclear whether the PCV2 present in semen is infectious and if artificial insemination with PCV2 DNA-positive semen can cause PCV2 transmission or reproductive failure. To assess the infectivity of PCV2 DNA in semen and its role in transmission of PCV2, two studies were designed: The first objective was to determine if PCV2 DNA-positive semen is infectious in a swine bioassay model. The second objective was to determine whether PCV2 DNA-positive semen used for artificial insemination is infectious to PCV2 naïve gilts, can be transmitted to offspring, or induce reproductive failure.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Animals

2.1.1. Swine bioassay study

Twelve four-week-old mixed breed pigs were purchased from a commercial farm negative for antibodies to PCV2, PRRSV, and swine influenza virus (SIV).

2.1.2. Artificial insemination study

Nine three-week-old purebred Landrace gilts were purchased from a farm negative for antibodies to PRRSV and SIV and positive for antibodies to PCV2.

2.2. Semen

Raw semen negative for PCV2 DNA, raw semen positive for PCV2a DNA, and raw semen positive for PCV2b DNA used in this study was collected from a PCV2 experimental trial in which boars were intranasally and intramuscularly inoculated with PCV2a and PCV2b, respectively [20, 33]. The PCV2a isolate (ISU-40895) and the PCV2b isolate (NC-16845) were originally obtained from finishing pigs with microscopic lesions consistent with PCVAD and associated with PCV2 antigen. Both isolates have previously been shown to cause disease in experimentally-infected pigs [32]. The raw semen samples tested negative for the presence of porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) DNA, porcine parvovirus (PPV) DNA, or PRRSV RNA by PCR [3, 15]. Aliquots of fresh raw semen were saved and placed into sterile 5

mL polystyrene round-bottom tubes (Falcon^®, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and stored at –80

°C. The remaining raw semen was extended at a 1:1 dilution with a commercially available semen extender (TriXcell, IMV International, Minneapolis, MN, USA), which was warmed to match semen temperature, and the extended semen was then cooled to approximately 17

°C. A portion of each semen sample was further diluted with semen extender to approximately 5 billion sperm per 80

mL insemination dose. The extended semen was stored at 17

°C for up to 96

h and rotated twice daily.

2.3. Animals, housing, experimental design, and inoculation

Both experimental protocols were approved by the Iowa State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

2.3.1. Swine bioassay study

The pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups (Tab. I) and each group was housed in a separate room on arrival at the isolation facility. Each room was equipped with an ante-room where personnel protective equipment (face masks, boots, gloves, and disposable covers) were supplied for room entrance by animal care takers, and each room was ventilated separately. Animals were contained in a 1.5 × 2.5

m pen supplied with a nipple drinker and a self feeder. Animals were fed ad libidum a balanced, pelleted, complete feed ration free of animal proteins and antibiotics (Nature's Made, Heartland Coop, IA, USA).

Table I.

Swine bioassay study: Experimental design.

Inoculation was done intraperitoneally for all groups using an aseptic technique and a 24

gauge, ½ inch hypodermic needle as described [54]. The bioassay-control group received 7

mL of PCV2 DNA-negative raw semen, the bioassay-PCV2a group received 7

mL PCV2a DNA-positive raw semen, and the bioassay-PCV2b group received 7

mL PCV2b DNA-positive raw semen. The number of PCV2 genomic copy numbers/mL of raw semen was 10^5.6 and 10^5.8 for PCV2a and PCV2b, respectively. The PCV2a and PCV2b isolates shared 95.7% nucleotide sequence identity. The bioassay-positive group received 3

mL of PCV2a live virus (ISU-40895) generated by transfection of PK-15 cells with the PCV2a ISU-40895 infectious DNA clone [8] at a dose of 10^4.5

TCID₅₀ combined with 4

mL of sterile saline.

Serum samples were collected prior to inoculation (Day 0 post inoculation; DPI 0) and weekly thereafter. On DPI 49, all pigs were humanely euthanized by lethal overdose of intravenous (auricular vein) pentobarbital (Fatal-Plus^®, Vortech Phamaceutical, LTD, Dearborn, MI, USA). At necropsy, gross lesions were assessed on each pig and tissues from all major organ systems were collected for microscopic examination and immunohistochemistry (IHC).

2.3.2. Artificial insemination study

The gilts were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups (Tab. II) and isolation rooms at 8 months of age. The general room set-up was similar to that described for the bioassay pigs. The gilts were housed in a 2 × 4

m pen supplied with a nipple drinker. Animals were fed daily approximately 2.5

kg of a balanced ground corn-soy based complete feed ration free of animal proteins and antibiotics (Nature's Made). Prior to artificial insemination, gilts were individually synchronized for estrus detection for 17 consecutive days using a commercially available liquid altrenogest (Matrix^®, Intervet Inc., Millsboro, DE, USA), that was added to the daily feeding at the recommended dosage (15

mg). Twenty-four hours after termination of the treatment, each animal received a 5

mL intramuscular injection of gonadotropin (P.G. 600^®, Intervet Inc.) and was then bred by artificial insemination upon estrus detection. Each gilt was artificially inseminated three times during standing estrus with 24

h between each insemination to ensure coverage of ovulation. Initially, 80

mL of 1:1 extended raw semen (40

mL raw semen and 40

mL extender) (collected on the same day) was used. For second and third artificial insemination matings, semen extended to approximately 5 billion sperm per 80

mL dose was used (5

mL of raw semen to 75

mL extender).

Table II.

Artificial insemination study: Experimental design. Each sow was inseminated three times (dose 1, 2, 3) 24

h apart during estrus.

To evaluate a potential negative effect of the semen extender used on infectivity of the PCV2, an equal amount of extender was added to PCV2 live virus in a 1:1 dilution. In addition and as a control, PCV2 live virus was diluted with minimum essential medium (MEM) in a dilution of 1:1. The PCV2 titer was estimated by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with PCV2 a specific antibody as described [8] at 0, 8, 24, 48, and 96

h post dilution.

Serum samples from all gilts were collected prior to insemination and weekly thereafter. At approximately 5 and 8 weeks post artificial insemination, ultrasonography was used to confirm pregnancy. Necropsy was performed at 105 days of gestation and gilts were euthanized by intravenous (auricular vein) overdose of pentobarbital. All fetuses from were immediately extracted and fetal serum was collected.

2.4. Serology

All weekly collected serum samples were analyzed for presence of anti-PCV2 IgG antibodies with an opening reading frame 2 (ORF2) based PCV2 ELISA as previously described [25]. A serum with a sample to positive ratio (s/p) equal or greater than 0.2 was considered to be positive.

2.5. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction

Serum samples collected weekly from the bioassay pigs and individual fetal serum samples were tested for the presence and amount of PCV2 DNA by quantitative real-time PCR as described [27].

2.6. Sequencing

PCR products from the PCV2a or PCV2b positive semen, the PCV2 inoculum, and serum from one randomly selected pig at 49 DPI in each of the bioassay groups (bioassay-PCV2a, bioassay-PCV2b, and bioassay-positive) was sequenced and compared to each other. A nested PCR was used to amplify the entire ORF2 gene for sequencing and subsequent sequence comparison as previously described [30].

2.7. Necropsy

At necropsy, percentage of lungs affected by lesions ranging from 0–100% [12] and presence and degree of lymphadenopathy were evaluated [27]. Both fresh tissues and tissues fixed in 10% buffered formalin were collected. Tissues included lung (all lobes), liver, spleen, kidney, tonsil, ileum, colon, thymus, multiple lymph nodes (tracheobronchial, mediastinal, mesenteric, iliac, superficial inguinal) and myocardium. In addition, uterus, ovary and placenta were collected from the breeding animals.

2.8. Microscopic evaluation

The formalin fixed tissue samples were routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic evaluation. Lungs, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues (tonsil and spleen) were scored for the presence and severity of PCV2-associated lesions as previously described [28] by a veterinary pathologist blinded to the treatment group.

2.9. Immunohistochemistry

IHC staining for detection of PCV2-antigen in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue was performed on selected lymphoid tissues (tracheobronchial, mediastinal, mesenteric, iliac, superficial inguinal, thymus, tonsil, spleen and Peyer's patches) collected from all bioassay pigs as described [51]. Additionally, sections of ovary, uterus, and lymphoid tissue (tonsil and iliac lymph node) from all gilts were tested by IHC for presence of PCV2 antigen. The distribution and amount of PCV2 antigen in individually examined tissue sections were scored ranging from 0 (no signal) to 3 (strong signaling) as previously described [27].

3. RESULTS

3.1. Swine bioassay study

All DPI 0 serum samples were negative for anti-PCV2 antibodies. Furthermore, the bioassay-control pigs remained free of anti-PCV2 IgG antibodies for the duration of the study. One of three bioassay-PCV2a pigs had detectable anti-PCV2 antibodies from DPI 28 onwards (Tab. III). The remaining two bioassay-PCV2a pigs developed anti-PCV2 IgG antibodies by DPI 49. Two of three bioassay-PCV2b pigs developed detectable anti-PCV2 antibodies by DPI 49. All three of the bioassay-positive pigs had detectable anti-PCV2 IgG antibodies by DPI 14 and remained positive for the duration of the trial.

Table III.

Swine bioassay study: Incidence (number of pigs affected/number of pigs per group) of PCV2 DNA in serum (Serum PCR) and anti-PCV2 antibodies in serum (ELISA) by group at different days post inoculation (DPI).

PCV2 DNA was not detected in the weekly collected bioassay-control serum samples for the entire duration of the study nor from any animal on DPI 0. PCV2 DNA was detected in 1/3 bioassay-PCV2a pigs at DPI 21, 2/3 at DPI 28, and 3/3 at DPI 35 (Tab. III). All pigs remained PCV2 viremic until termination of the study. Two of three bioassay-PCV2b pigs were positive for PCV2 DNA in serum on DPI 21, and 3/3 pigs were PCV2 DNA positive from DPI 35 until DPI 49. PCV2 DNA was detected in 3/3 serum samples from bioassay-positive pigs on DPI 7, and all pigs in this group remained viremic until DPI 49. The sequence of the entire PCV2 ORF2 PCR product collected in each treatment group on DPI 49 was 99.9% similar to the original inoculum.

Macroscopic lesions were not present in the bioassay-control animals. Gross lesions in the bioassay-PCV2a animals included mild-to-moderate fibrinous peritonitis with mild lymphadenopathy (2/3), diffuse non-collapsing lungs (1/3), and liver abscessation (1/3). Bioassay-PCV2b gross lesions included fibrinous peritonitis (2/3) and mild lymphadenopathy (1/3). All bioassay-positive animals had diffuse non-collapsing lungs with mild-to-moderate lymphadenopathy in 2/3 pigs.

Microscopically, 1/3 bioassay-control pigs had mild multifocal lymphocytic inflammation expanding interstitial lung parenchyma. The microscopic lesions in the bioassay-PCV2a animals included moderate multifocal lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia (3/3), mild multifocal lymphocytic interstitial nephritis (1/3), and mild multifocal lymphocytic myocarditis (1/3). Microscopic lesions in the bioassay-PCV2b pigs included mild-to-moderate multifocal lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia in all pigs. Lesions in the bioassay-positive group included mild to moderate multifocal lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia (3/3), mild multifocal lymphocytic interstitial nephritis (3/3) and mild lymphoid depletion (1/3).

Low amounts of PCV2 antigen were detected in lymph node sections of 2/3 bioassay-positive pigs. PCV2 antigen was not detected in tissue sections of bioassay-control pigs, bioassay-PCV2a pigs, or bioassay-PCV2b pigs.

3.2. Artificial insemination study

In the extender-dilution-in-vivo-assay, the starting titer of the PCV2 live virus diluted with semen extender was determined to be 10^4.2

TCID₅₀ per mL while the control virus stock diluted with MEM had a titer of 10^4.5

TCID₅₀ per mL (Tab. IV). The PCV2 titers slightly decreased over time, and the final titer of PCV2 at 96

h post dilution was 10^4.0

TCID₅₀ per mL and 10^3.66

TCID₅₀ per mL for the MEM diluted PCV2 and the extender diluted PCV2, respectively (Tab. IV).

Table IV.

Effect of semen extender on the survivability of PCV2 in cell culture.

Three of 3 control gilts, 2/3 gilts-PCV2a, and 3/3 gilts-PCV2b were confirmed pregnant by ultrasonography at 35 and 56 days post insemination. One animal in the gilt-PCV2a group was breed on two consecutive estrus cycles, but failed to become pregnant.

The total number of fetuses retrieved from the gilts-control group was 25 with litter sizes of 4, 7, and 14 fetuses (+1 mummy). The total number of fetuses retrieved from the gilts-PCV2a group was 16 with litters of 5 and 11 fetuses. The total number of fetuses retrieved from gilts-PCV2b group was 40 with litters of 9, 13, and 18 fetuses (+1 mummy). Gross lesions were not observed in any of the fetuses.

At the time of artificial insemination, all gilts were negative for anti-PCV2 antibodies as determined by ELISA (s/p ratio < 0.2). None of the gilts developed anti-PCV2 IgG antibodies during the 105 days post artificial insemination. No gross lesions were observed during necropsy, no microscopic lesions were present in examined tissues, and IHC staining of lymphoid tissue, ovary and uterus were negative for PCV2 antigen in all gilts. All 79 fetal serum samples collected at 105 days of gestation were negative for anti-PCV2 antibodies and for PCV2 DNA.

4. DISCUSSION

Transmission of PCV2 is presently not well characterized, however, detection of PCV2 DNA has been reported in secretions and excretions including feces, urine, saliva, ocular, nasal, colostrum and semen of infected pigs [1, 16, 18, 47–49]. Rapid spread of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) across North America in recent years has raised questions about the risk of transmission of PCV2 in semen; however, epidemiological investigation have not confirmed the relationship between PCV2 positive semen and incidence of PCVAD [4, 38, 56].

Semen transmission of certain viruses has been documented and is considered economically important for the swine industry, especially with the wide usage of artificial insemination. A recent review summarized viruses potentially shed in boar semen [11]. Currently, many North American boar stud operations frequently test for the presence of PRRSV by many methods for surveillance purposes [36, 40], yet the presence of other viruses associated with reproductive failure including PCV2 are infrequently tested for, although in one report 30% (13/43) of boars tested where found to contain PCV2 DNA in semen [23]. In other geographical locations, PCV2 DNA was detected in 28 of 60 (47%) and 26 of 98 (27%) semen samples obtained from 30 and 49 Korean swine herds [14, 15], 18% (86/472) of semen samples from Austrian and German boars [44], and 22% (67/304) of semen samples collected from 4 Brazilian farms¹. Other European countries have begun to test boar semen for exportation for the presence of PCV2 DNA to prevent the possible spread of PCVAD².

The significance of PCV2 in semen is currently unknown and the purpose of this study was to try to expand the knowledge base on this topic. Due to the cytotoxicity of semen [45] and the non-cytopathic effect of PCV2 in cell culture, virus isolation techniques can be misleading and unrewarding. Thus, highly sensitive PCR methodologies are currently used to determine if PCV2 is present in semen. Polymerase chain reaction techniques can detect the presence of PCV2 DNA using small amounts of semen; however, positive PCR results do not necessarily correlate with presence of infectious virus. Previously, a swine bioassay model was developed to confirm the infectivity of PRRSV in semen [52]. In this study, a similar bioassay model was used to test the infectivity of PCV2 DNA present in semen.

The results of the PCV2 swine bioassay confirm that PCV2a and PCV2b present in semen are infectious as evidenced by the detection of PCV2 viremia, seroconversion in the recipients after inoculation, and microscopic lesions compatible with PCV2 infection in growing pigs. In the experimental PCV2 pig model using intranasal and/or intramuscular inoculations, anti-PCV2 antibodies can be detected between 21–28 DPI [27]. The delayed antibody response to PCV2 observed in pigs intraperitoneally injected with PCV2 DNA-positive semen when compared to pigs inoculated with PCV2 live virus may be dose related. Additional considerations for delayed response in antibody production may be due to natural constituents present in semen [55] or different antigens present competing for an immunological response [6]. The peritonitis present at necropsy may have been in part induced by antigens present in the semen or possibly by bacterial contamination during intraperitoneal inoculation and this may have contributed to some of the microscopic lesions observed. Additionally, PCV2 antigen was not detected in tissues from bioassay-PCV2a pigs, or bioassay-PCV2b pigs in this study. This result may due to the detection limits of IHC because it has been previously estimated that 10⁸ PCV2 genomic copies are needed in tissue sections for visualization of IHC signaling [2].

Artificial insemination with semen containing PCV2 DNA did not result in dam or fetal infection in this study even with the initial insemination being diluted 1:1 with extender. This may indicate that low exposure to PCV2 in semen may be of lesser consequence. In most field situations, a single semen collection from a boar is typically diluted into many insemination doses and commonly mixed with semen samples from other boars further decreasing the amount of PCV2 in a dose of semen typically used for artificial insemination. However, PCV2 has the ability to infect and replicate in different stages (zona pellucida free morulae, early blastocysts and hatched blastocysts) of in vivo produced embryonic cells with increasing susceptibility of infection in the later stages [22]. It has been shown that PCV2 with an approximate diameter of 17

nm in size did not infect intact zona pellucida morulae, although 20

nm diameter fluorescent beads could pass through zona pellucida pores. PCV2 is a difficult virus to inactivate, thus PCV2 present in semen may be a risk for infection [22]. PCV2 is associated with the cell fraction portion of semen [33]. This may indicate that there is a higher risk of PCV2 infection during fertilization because spermatozoa may be associated with PCV2 DNA.

Differences in virulence and tropism of PCV2 isolates have been suggested as a possible reason for PCV2-associated reproductive failure when compared to PCV2-associated diseases in growing swine [7, 24]. Two PCV2 isolates were used in this study and both originated from growing pigs with PCVAD. However, it is unknown whether these isolates were also associated with reproductive failure in the field.

In swine, the route of PCV2 exposure is likely fecal-oral [46] and fetal infection has been associated with viremia of the dam [34]. It was recently reported that reproductive failure was associated with insemination of PCV2 spiked semen in PCV2 positive dams [39]. The dams were intranasally inoculated 60 days prior to insemination, and it was unknown whether dams were still viremic at the time of insemination with PCV2 spiked semen. The dams may have been viremic which could have contributed to the reproductive failure [39]. In support of this, in a different study it has been shown that PCV2 experimentally inoculated gilts had detectable PCV2 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at 63 DPI [35].

The results of our study indicate that PCV2 DNA present in semen ranging from 10^5.6 to 10^5.8 genomic copies/mL did not cause reproductive failure, development of dam associated anti-PCV2 antibodies, or fetal infection. In addition, the semen extender used in the study was found to have only a minimal effect on the viability and infectivity of PCV2.

The amount of PCV2 present in semen is likely determining whether PCV2 infection occurs. Previously, non-extended raw semen has been shown to infect PRRS negative gilts [58], but extended semen, though causing a reduction of pregnancy rates, did not cause seroconversion or infection [53]. This indicates that the dose of viruses in semen plays a major role in transmissibility. In further support of this, only 20% of negative gilts inseminated with PRRSV at doses of 2

000 and 20

000 TCID₅₀/50

mL semen seroconverted while semen containing PRRSV at ≥ 200

000

TCID₅₀/50

mL semen was infectious in 100% of the negative gilts³. Alternatively, other possible explanations for not having PCV2 infection in the gilts may be related to the increased numbers of inflammatory cells that are present in the uterus associated with innate immunity during proestrus, estrus, and early diestrus [5], age related differences in susceptibility, or the influence of altrenogest (Matrix^®) on and uterine defense mechanisms [10].

In summary, we determined that PCV2a and PCV2b shed in semen were infectious in a swine bioassay model. We also determined that low doses of PCV2 (10^5.6–10^5.8 PCV2 genomic copies per mL) in extended semen when used for artificial insemination does not cause reproductive failure, seroconversion, or PCV2 viremia in naïve gilts and their offspring. The authors acknowledge that the amount of PCV2 present in semen is a possible contributing factor in transmissions of PCV2 via semen to swine herds that utilize artificial insemination. We also are aware of potential PCV2 isolate differences in association with reproductive failure. Further investigations are needed and currently under way.

Acknowledgements

We thank the National Pork Board and the Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Council for providing funding of the studies, Newsham Choice Genetics for providing the animals used in the studies and IMV International for supplies. The authors would also like to thank Dr Phil Gauger, Matt Boogerd, Dr Abby Patterson, and Paul Thomas for their assistance with animal care and collection of samples throughout the study.

Footnotes

¹Ciacci-Zanella J.R., Zanella E.L., Locatelli M.L., Brambatti J.L., Simon N.L., Coldebella M., Detection of porcine circovirus 2 in semen collected from naturally infected boar studs in Brazil, Proc. 5th International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Disease, Karkow, 2007, p. 94.

²Wallgren P., Blomqvist G., Thorén P., Elander J., Wallgren M., Incidence of PCV2 in semen collected at Swedish boar stations, Proc. 20th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Durban, 2008, volume II, p. 62.

³Benfield D., Nelson C., Steffen M., Rowland R., Transmission of PRRSV by artificial insemination using extended semen seeded with different concentrations of PRRSV, Proc. 31st American Association of Swine Practitioners, Indianapolis, 2000, pp. 405–408.

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