As of January 20, 2008, 19,723 adults had enrolled in PMRP; this represents a 45% response rate. The most common reason cited for refusal to participate was “not interested” (71%), followed by “inconvenience” (18%), fear of blood draw (3%), “privacy” (2%), and “oppose genetic testing” (1%). As of December 31, 2007, 577 subjects had died.
Three people have asked to withdraw from the study and their DNA, plasma and serum samples have been removed from the biobank. One was a 92-year-old woman who asked to be removed from the study one week after her initial enrollment. One man age 36 with a history of mental health issues asked to be removed from PMRP and all other Clinic studies 14 months after enrollment into PMRP. A man age 27 enrolled, but was unable to provide a blood sample because he fainted. One month later, he declined a further attempt at a blood draw and asked to be removed from the study.
Focus Group Discussions
In the four series of 14 focus groups during the planning, consultation and active recruitment Phase I of PMRP, investigators found several overarching issues. First, focus group participants trust the Marshfield Clinic, their health care provider, and that is why they might choose to participate in a genetics study. Second, the issue of human cloning was brought up by participants when they were asked about their opinions of genetic research. They wanted to ensure that no human cloning research would be done and that if DNA samples were to be transferred to investigators at another institution that those researchers would follow the same strict procedures to ensure confidentiality that were set up by the Marshfield Clinic. Third, many people expressed concern about the potential for insurance discrimination, hence the expressed concern about the confidentiality and security of their data. All of these concerns were taken into account in the design of written materials and in the conduct of the study. Specific results from each of the four series of focus groups follow.
Series 1: Non-Marshfield Clinic employees Four focus groups were held with a total of 33 participants, 17 males and 16 females. When queried about their perceptions of genetic research, a majority of the subjects felt that genetic research has tremendous potential to improve health care for their families, with heart disease and cancer mentioned most often. However, some participants also associate genetic research with cloning and genetic engineering which arouses fear and uncertainty. Their primary sources of information about genetic research are the mass media, especially television. Twenty-seven of the 33 focus group members said that they would be interested in participating in PMRP, but that their participation was conditional upon assurance that the confidentiality of their medical record and genetic data would be satisfactorily protected and that the research would not involve cloning. The major difference between people who indicted that they would participate and those who would not was their trust in the Marshfield Clinic and Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation. Suggested media components to attract participants to PMRP included local TV, radio, newspapers, direct contact through the mail and telephone, information at Marshfield Clinic sites, brochure, video and web site. Three of the four groups suggested a monetary incentive to attract higher participation rates. In addition to monetary compensation, other suggested incentives included free testing (such as cholesterol testing), dinner for four at McDonalds, or a prescription rebate. All groups suggested that the enrollment process be made very easy by coordinating the blood draw with existing Clinic appointments, making the entire enrollment process 30 minutes or less, offering evening appointments and appointments at other Marshfield Clinic sites, and keeping the paperwork to a minimum.
As a result of the responses to these focus group discussions, a number of suggestions were incorporated into the communications plan. In the video and Frequently Asked Questions brochure, we highlighted the fact that human cloning was not part of the research. Researchers decided to limit the length of questionnaires at the time of enrolment so that the entire process would last no longer than 30 minutes. A $20 gift voucher that could be used at any business in Marshfield or exchanged for cash at local banks was provided to cover any costs related to participation and at least one weekly evening appointment time was offered. Appointment times at the regional centers were organized once per month, usually on a weekend. Another response to this focus group series was the decision to apply for a Certificate of Confidentiality through the National Human Genome Research Institute. A Certificate of Confidentiality was granted on August 1, 2002 and renewed for 10 years in August 2007.
Series 2: Marshfield Clinic employees Four focus groups with Marshfield Clinic employees were held, one in the central region and one in the north. They comprised 46 subjects in total, 10 males and 36 females. Thirty-three of the 46 staff said that they would be interested in participating in PMRP. Eight of the subjects said ‘maybe’ to participation and five said ‘no’. The primary reasons for their reluctance to participate were concerns about privacy of personal health information and not understanding PMRP. Suggestions to improve participation by employees centered around trust in security and Clinic privacy policies about appropriate use of personal medical information, communication and convenience. Specific suggestions for ease in enrollment included sessions during scheduled work hours so that employees did not have to take time off work to enroll, making the enrollment process take no longer than 30 minutes, and allowing enrollment at the sites where employees work. The employees suggested communication about the project to Clinic staff prior to the communication to the general population so that they could answer questions from the public.
A draft policy on privacy and security in genetic research was presented to the Clinic employees for their feedback. Two items generated some questions and concern. In considering the issue of disclosure of “serious or life threatening” problems, most people agreed that they would want to have a choice about disclosure, although some did not expect any information to be disclosed. The item about the Clinic not selling, giving or permanently transferring DNA samples to outside researchers raised discussion about how the policy would be enforced and what would happen if the Marshfield Clinic was ever to be sold.
As a result of the feedback from the employee focus groups, presentations about PMRP were held for Clinic and hospital staff prior to open enrollment and the wider community communication campaign, and articles about the project published in the weekly employee newsletter. Enrolment during paid work time was not allowed for ethical and legal reasons and the appearance of coercion. In fact, all letters and phone calls to discuss recruitment into PMRP were conducted with individuals based on their residence in one of the 19 Zip codes, NOT as Clinic employees. A Privacy and Security in Genetic Research policy was published effective July 30, 2002 and all Material Transfer Agreements to use PMRP DNA refer to this policy.
Series 3: Potential PMRP participants This series of two focus groups with potentially eligible PMRP subjects included 9 males and 12 females. After reviewing draft materials for two mailings, the majority of focus group participants said that they would open mailing #1 consisting of a letter and brochure and most agreed that was enough information for them to make a decision about participation. After reading the draft materials for mailing #2, which consisted of a cover letter, consent form, Frequently Asked Questions and study questionnaire, both groups agreed that there was “way too much to read” and that the consent form and questionnaire should only be sent to people after they indicated interest in the study. After reading all of the draft materials, participants were still unclear about three issues: the magnitude of the confidentiality risks, why they can’t get personal health information as a result of their participation, and what is involved in participation. Suggestions to improve the mailings included noting the $20 in the first letter, making the information concise and consistent, adding specific information on the what, where and how of participation, adding photos to the brochures, and contacting people within 1–2 weeks after the mailing. In reviewing the draft questionnaire, several people asked about the relevance to medical research of the question on highest level of formal education attained. In terms of the consent form, the use of the word “tissue” confused people and they wondered if something other than blood was being taken. They were also unclear about how many times they would be asked to give blood since the consent form indicated that the study would go on for as long as 20 years. The risk section about the potential for breach of confidentiality also raised concerns with many focus group participants.
In response to the knowledge gained in these focus group discussions, a number of changes were made. Only one initial recruitment letter was sent to potential subjects. This letter included mention of the $20 and the brochure and Frequently Asked Questions, but not the consent form and questionnaire; the latter were mailed to people with an appointment reminder after they had agreed to participate. The question related to highest education level attained was removed from the questionnaire. The consent form was revised to consistently use the word “blood” instead of “tissue”. The sentence about the length of the study was clarified to state that length of time was necessary to follow the health of the population over time.
Series 4: “Not interested” residents who refused PMRP participation These four focus groups represented two small communities within 20 miles of Marshfield, two groups from Marshfield, one from the general community and one comprising Marshfield Clinic employees. The four groups were similar in age distribution, although there were no Clinic employees over the age of 69. There were 21 males and 23 females in the groups.
Most people who declined to participate in PMRP found the study hard to understand and the majority of people had little awareness of PMRP. About half of the patient participants said that they might have considered participation if it took less time to learn about the project and/or enroll and about half said that they were just not interested in taking the time to learn about the project or to participate. One of the reasons that some participants in the Marshfield Clinic employee group cited as the reasons that they declined participation was a fear of loss of confidentiality of their personal health and subsequent employment and/or health insurance discrimination. All groups felt that the written information about PMRP could be made more concise and clear. Patient groups in the two outer communities suggested setting up enrollment locations in their local communities. Many suggested offering more than $20 as an incentive to participate. Many also indicated that they now wanted to participate in PMRP after hearing more about the project through the focus group discussions. Because no names were retained, they could not be contacted by PMRP staff to enroll and would have had to contact PMRP staff directly to participate after their initial refusal.
In response to these focus group comments, a full-color, one-page information flyer was created with bullet points to highlight the key study points. This flyer replaced the previous 10-page brochure and Frequently Asked Questions used in the initial mailing to eligible residents. In addition, the most current newsletter is included at the time of initial contact with eligible residents. A local enrollment site was set up on a weekend in the community furthest from Marshfield, with support from one of the Community Advisory Group members to identify a location and advertise the study through the local weekly newspaper. The $20 offered to study participants was not changed, in part because the Marshfield Clinic IRB provides guidance to investigators that subjects should be offered about $20 per hour of time to participate in a study, so the $20 for PMRP participation would be inline with this guidance and other Marshfield Clinic studies.
Community Advisory Group (CAG)
Community Advisory Group (CAG) members reside in six of the 19 eligible PMRP Zip codes. They have met twice yearly since 2001, the initial year of PMRP recruitment. Agendas are set by the Principal Investigator, with requests and feedback from board members about agenda items for subsequent meetings. One person resigned from the board after three years because of regular conflicts with meeting times. The initial 18 month letters of agreement and confidentiality agreements have been extended on an annual basis, though we are now in the process of considering term limits. The CAG is advisory in nature. The Chair of the Marshfield IRB is invited to attend the meetings to facilitate communication between the two boards.
At the initial meeting of the CAG, genetic terms were defined, progress on the project to date was reviewed, the project timeline was reviewed, and the role of the advisory group was discussed. At the second meeting, the CAG reviewed the video to be used within the community and they provided feedback. They also provided suggestions for community groups to speak with. At the third and fourth meetings, they reviewed the information obtained from the focus group discussions and provided further feedback on the recruitment materials and ideas for the one-page full-color information sheet to be developed for use in recruitment. Subsequent meetings about recruitment and community consultation efforts included discussions about recruitment of nursing home residents, topics for the PMRP newsletters, and additional community groups to contact. When queried about how often it would be reasonable to approach subjects who consented to recontact, the group felt that as long as a monetary incentive was offered for each subsequent study, several contacts per year would be fine. In a discussion about current projects using the PMRP database, the group was very pleased that Marshfield scientists were conducting research on Fibromyalgia syndrome, a disease that they perceive is not taken seriously by many physicians.
In October 2006, the CAG discussed the Request for Information regarding the Proposed Policy for Sharing of Data obtained in NIH supported or conducted Genome-Wide Association Studies (NOT-OD-06-094). Subsequently, a response on behalf of the group was submitted. In general, the CAG supported the idea of sharing data to further science, but wanted to ensure that the Certificate of Confidentiality would continue to be honored. They raised some concerns about the government’s ability to adequately secure the data. Another concern of the CAG was that a defined set of phenotypic data be shared centrally, not a person’s entire medical record. A discussion about the sharing of data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that was started at the August 2007 meeting will be revisited in future meetings. The Marshfield Clinic IRB is developing a policy related to disclosure of unanticipated findings in research. This has implications for the non-disclosure of genetic results as defined in the current PMRP written informed consent document.
An initial discussion about possible collaborations between Marshfield Clinic researchers and industry generated strong opinions, ranging from “we just want to see good science being done with PMRP” and “as long as they don’t tell you what to do” to “how could you possibly work with drug companies?”
Community Communication
In the 18 months of Phase I of PMRP, media coverage of PMRP included live radio interviews on three different local radio stations, coverage of the official launch of the project on Eau Claire television, and 12 print interviews, including the Marshfield News Herald, Wausau Daily Herald, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Chicago Tribune, Science, Business Week magazine, New York Times, Forbes magazine and others. Talks to community organizations, timed for the recruitment periods in each of the 19 Zip codes, resulted in an estimated 1000 potentially eligible subjects hearing about PMRP in person. Individual meetings with local clergy were also held. The video developed for PMRP was rarely used at community talks due to difficulty in organizing rooms with the correct lighting, seating and electrical outlets to support the display of the video.
The first PMRP newsletter was developed and mailed to study participants and other interested parties approximately 16 months after the end of Phase I. Along with the newsletter, study subjects received a letter to remind them of their study participation, why they had received the PMRP newsletter, and a reminder to contact study personnel if they wished to not receive future newsletters. This newsletter highlighted recruitment and an Alzheimer disease research study underway. The second newsletter, which was printed and distributed 12 months after the first newsletter, highlighted a pharmacogenetics study of cholesterol-lowering medications and a genetic epidemiology study of osteoporosis. The third newsletter, which started the 6-month mailing frequency, featured a fibromyalgia study and highlighted a publication reporting key study points in the informed consent document that were not recalled correctly by a large percent of people [
McCarty et al., 2007]. In another newsletter, a breast cancer pharmacogenetics study was described and news of the NHGRI-funded genome-wide association study was announced. All newsletters have been full-color, four-sided, 81/2×11 size and are folded with a mailing label on the outside of the newsletter. Labels are addressed to the household to protect the confidentiality of study subjects and to prevent multiple copies being sent to the same household. Once per year, forwarding addresses are requested through the U.S. Postal Service to update the mailing records. Because the newsletter highlights ongoing recruitment, the text is always reviewed and approved by the IRB prior to distribution.
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at 
