Coarctation of the aorta and mild to moderate developmental delay in a child with a de novo deletion of chromosome 15(q21.1q22.2)

doi:10.1186/1471-2350-7-8

BMC Med Genet. 2006; 7: 8.

Published online 2006 February 10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2350-7-8

PMCID: PMC1397801

Coarctation of the aorta and mild to moderate developmental delay in a child with a de novo deletion of chromosome 15(q21.1q22.2)

Seema R Lalani,¹ Trilochan Sahoo,¹ Merideth E Sanders,¹ Sarika U Peters,² and Bassem A Bejjani^3,⁴

¹Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

²Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

³Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sacred Heart Medical Center, Spokane, Washington, USA

⁴Health Research and Education Center, Washington Sate University, Spokane, Washington, USA

Corresponding author.

Seema R Lalani: seemal/at/bcm.tmc.edu; Trilochan Sahoo: tsahoo/at/staff.bcm.tmc.edu; Merideth E Sanders: mesander/at/bcm.tmc.edu; Sarika U Peters: supeters/at/TexasChildrensHospital.org; Bassem A Bejjani: bejjani/at/mail.wsu.edu

Received May 27, 2005; Accepted February 10, 2006.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract

Background

Deletion of 15q21q22 is a rare chromosomal anomaly. To date, there have been nine reports describing ten individuals with different segmental losses involving 15q21 and 15q22. Many of these individuals have common features of growth retardation, hypotonia and moderate to severe mental retardation. Congenital heart disease has been described in three individuals with interstitial deletion involving this region of chromosome 15.

Case presentation

We report a child with coarctation of the aorta, partial agenesis of corpus callosum and mild to moderate developmental delay, with a de novo deletion of 15q21.1q22.2, detected by the array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH). We utilized chromosome 15-specific microarray-based CGH to define the chromosomal breakpoints in this patient.

Conclusion

This is the first description of mapping of an interstitial deletion involving the chromosome 15q21q22 segment using the chromosome 15-specific array-CGH. The report also expands the spectrum of clinical phenotype associated with 15q21q22 deletion.

Background

Interstitial deletion of chromosome 15q21q22 is an infrequently described chromosomal abnormality. To date, there have been only ten individuals reported, nine with variable deletions involving 15q21 [1-9] and one individual with more distal deletion encompassing the 15q22q25 region [5]. All patients described have moderate to severe mental retardation. The four patients described by Yip et al. [1], Fryns et al. [2], Martin et al. [3] and Liehr et al. [4] have comparable cytogenetic breakpoints and share common features, including beaked nose, thin upper lip, and mental retardation. Congenital heart disease was described in one patient with 15q21q24 deletion [5] and two patients with interstitial deletion of chromosome 15q15q21 and 15q15q22 respectively [7,8]. Here, we describe an individual with deletion of 15q21.1q22.2, coarctation of the aorta and mild to moderate developmental delay.

Case presentation

Case report

The proband was a 36-week product of a twin pregnancy, born to a 39-year old female. Pregnancy was achieved by in vitro fertilization secondary to mother's history of endometriosis. His birth weight was 2.44 kg, (40^thpercentile), length was 47 cm (50^thpercentile), and head circumference was 34.5 cm (90^thpercentile). A cardiac murmur was noted soon after birth. An echocardiogram revealed severe juxtaductal aortic coarctation with near aortic arch interruption. He had a moderately dilated main pulmonary artery and branch arteries, severe septal hypertrophy, moderately depressed biventricular systolic function, biventricular hyprertrophy, and bicommissural aortic valve. He was also noted to have high arched palate, micrognathia, and low set ears with thickened helices. He had fair suck, normal muscle tone and strength. Renal ultrasound showed decreased corticomedullary differentiation, bifid right renal pelvis and moderate pelviectasis. Head ultrasound showed partial agenesis of corpus callosum (see Additional file 1). He underwent surgery for juxtaductal aortic coarctation with end-to-end anastomosis and PDA ligation. At one year of age, his weight was 10.5 kg (50^thpercentile), length was 77.5 cm (80^thpercentile) and head circumference was 48.8 cm (95^thpercentile). He had prominent forehead, midface hypoplasia, thinned lateral eyebrows, intermittent strabismus, low set ears with thickened helices, carp-shaped mouth and retrognathia (Figure (Figure1).1). He started walking independently at 16 months of age. His renal ultrasound was subsequently repeated and was found to be normal. He had a brief seizure episode at 16 months of age. Since then, he has been treated with Valproic acid and the seizures have not recurred. MRI scan of the brain following the seizure episode showed diffuse delay in myelination and partial agenesis of corpus callosum. EEG showed generalized paroxysmal activity with high voltage slow waves and some short spikes.

Figure 1

Proband at 20 months of age.

At a chronological age of 48 months, he is in a regular classroom with children, a year younger than him. He is able to throw and catch a ball, march to a song, and use a spoon. He is not yet able to walk down stairs using alternating feet. He is able to name body parts, identify some shapes. He speaks in simple phrases, understands prepositions, and can follow simple commands. He receives speech therapy for his speech/language delays. His current level of functioning was evaluated based on teacher's assessment of his development across the domains of gross motor, fine motor, social/emotional, speech/language, and functional skills. Using the Learn and Play questionnaire, his level of functioning was broadly assessed between 23–34 month level, depending upon the specific task, reflecting mild delays in some and moderate delays in other areas. His motor skills are estimated to fall at the 25–26 month-old level, reflecting mild to moderate delays in this area. His language skills are slightly more delayed, falling at approximately the 23–24 month level, reflecting moderate delays. Cognitively, he is able to count from 1–10 in a stable sequence (a 34-month skill).

Cytogenetics, Comparative genomic hybridization and FISH analyses

Giemsa-banded chromosome analysis was performed according to standard procedures on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Twenty metaphases were examined at the 550-band level. Further delineation of the size and boundaries of the deletion was carried out by genomic array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and FISH. For array CGH, we utilized a high-resolution chromosome 15-specific BAC array developed in our laboratory that included 106 BAC clones across 15q. The highest density of clones is across the ~10-Mb 15q11-q14 interval encompassing the common Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome critical region including the common deletion/duplication breakpoints. Therefore a resolution of greater than 1 clone per megabase for 15q11-q14 and less than 1 clone per megabase for 15q14-qter was achieved in this version of the chromosome 15 array. Additionally the array included 38 clones specific for the subtelomeric region of 41 clinically relevant telomeres for chromosomes 1 to 22, including 12 clones for chromosomes X and 6 clones for Y chromosome. All clones were selected based on physical maps represented in build 34 (2004) of the human genome sequence [10]. Standard protocols for DNA preparation, labeling and hybridization were followed as described previously [11]. A single normal male DNA was used as reference control for analysis of the proband. All array-CGH experiments included dye reversal and two array hybridizations to obtain an accurate ratio [11]. After quantification and normalization of data for each clone on each of the duplicate arrays, the data from dye-reversed pairs were combined, and inferences were made according to a clone-by-clone classification procedure to determine the gain/loss status of each clone for each subject. The clone by clone classification procedure is similar to the independent clone procedure published previously [11]. From a number of test experiments, the overall mean across all clones for the gain state was +0.22, for the loss state -0.34, and for the no-change state -0.04 (Figure (Figure2).2). These values were set as approximate values for predicting a loss or gain for a clone. BAC clones chosen for FISH analysis were those that mapped within, proximal and distal to the deletion boundaries predicted by the array CGH. These included RP11-485O10 [GenBank: AC090846] and RP11-353B9 [GenBank:AC018927] proximal to and RP11-231A23 [GenBank:AC023190] distal to the deletion interval predicted by CGH (RP11-353B9 was not included in the array but was used for narrowing down the interval by FISH only) and clones RP11-105D1 [GenBank:AC022407], RP11-23N2 [GenBank:AC025917], RP11-215J7 [GenBank:AC009559], RP11-323F24 [GenBank:AC010999] and RP11-50C13 [GenBank:AC018904] within the interval (Figures (Figures22 and and3).3). Additionally, FISH with RP11-69G7 [GenBank:AC087612] encompassing α-tropomyosin gene was carried out prior to the array-CGH analysis as this was an important candidate gene for the cardiac phenotype in the proband and was located within the broader interval as estimated by G-banding and karyotype. FISH analyses were carried out as previously described [12]. At least ten metaphase preparations were scored for each hybridization.

Figure 2

Chromosome 15 array Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis and partial karyotype of the case. (A) The log₂ratio plots representing array-CGH analysis using the chromosome 15-BAC microarray. Raw and Normalized data are shown in a clone-by-clone (more ...)

Figure 3

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of 15q21.1q22.2 region using BAC probes. (A) Hybridization with clones RP11-231A23 (green; distal to the deletion interval) and RP11-105D1 (red) showing deletion of one copy of RP11-105D1. (B) Deletion of one (more ...)

Results

G-band analysis of a peripheral blood sample revealed an abnormal male karyotype: 46, XY, del(15)(q21.2q22.1). Parental chromosomes were normal. Deletion at 22q11 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region) was excluded by FISH. Array CGH revealed an interstitial deletion with loss of 5 non-overlapping clones across 15q21.1-q22.2 (RP11-105D1-> RP11-50C13; Chr15q- 49.00 Mb to 56.54 Mb). The proximal boundary was telomeric to clone RP11-353B9 and distal boundary was centromeric to RP11-231A23. This included the interval between 15q21.1 to 15q22.2 and spanned a genomic segment of at least 7.54 Mb (Figure (Figure2).2). FISH analysis using clones within and flanking the boundary confirmed the size and extent of the deletion (Figure (Figure3).3). All of the five clones predicted by CGH to be within the deleted interval were deleted from one copy of the patient's chromosome 15. Additional FISH with RP11-69G7 that contains TPM1, the α-tropomyosin gene showed two hybridization signals, confirming the presence of both copies of the gene in this patient.

Discussion

Deletion of 15q21 is an infrequently described chromosomal abnormality. Of the ten reported cases, many have common features of beaked nose, hypoplastic alae nasi, thin upper lip, truncal obesity, growth retardation, hypotonia and moderate to severe mental retardation [[1-3]] (see Additional file 1). Our patient's phenotype included prominent forehead, midface hypoplasia, intermittent strabismus, low set ears, carp-shaped mouth, retrognathia, coarctation of the aorta, partial agenesis of corpus callosum, and mild to moderate developmental delay. Two patients with interstitial deletion of 15q15q21 have also been described with craniosynostosis [7,9]. Neurological problems including hypotonia and seizures are also seen in many individuals with the deletion of this region of chromosome 15q. Congenital heart defect with septal hypertrophy and dilatation of the aorta and pulmonary artery was described in one patient with the deletion of 15q21q24 [5], who died at 8 months of age. Another patient in the same report had deletion of 15q22q25 and frequent cyanosis of the extremities with no heart murmur, and died at 2 years of age with severe respiratory illness. Five other patients with comparable interstitial deletion [[1-4,6] had no evidence of congenital heart disease. Two additional cases with interstitial deletion of chromosome15q15-21 have been described with atrial and ventricular septal defects and Tetralogy of Fallot with septal hypertrophy, respectively [7,8]. We explored probable hemizygous deletion of a cardiac specific gene within the 15q21.1-q22.2 interval responsible for structural heart defects in these individuals. Within this deletion interval, there are few genes that are known to be expressed in heart, including ARPP-19 [13], RAB27A [14], and ADAM10 [15]. The α-tropomyosin gene, TPM1 maps to 15q22.2 and is located within the broader chromosome 15 deletion interval, as suggested by the G-band analysis. Heterozygous point mutations in TPM1, account for <5% cases of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [16]. The phenotype ranges from a benign course to severe hypertrophy with progression to dilated cardiomyopathy [16,17]. In view of our patient's cardiac phenotype, which included septal hypertrophy and juxtaductal aortic coarctation, TPM1 appeared a good candidate gene to investigate if it was included within the deleted region. Prior to performing the array-CGH, we carried out FISH with RP11-69G7 encompassing the TPM1 gene (Figure (Figure3).3). We established that TPM1 was not included within the deletion interval and ruled out the deletion of TPM1 gene causing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction observed in this patient. The array-CGH subsequently confirmed that RP11-69G7 maps approximately 4 Mb distal to RP11-50C13, the most telomeric clone deleted on the array-CGH in our patient.

Conclusion

The array CGH refined the interstitial deletion in our patient to 15q21.1-q22.2. Microarray-based Comparative genomic hybridization is a powerful method to detect and analyze genomic imbalances. Array CGH using large insert clones is a very useful tool for detecting microdeletions or duplications that are well below the level of detection on high resolution banded karyotype analysis. We have used chromosome 15-specific microarray to define the 15q breakpoints in this case, thus providing a better opportunity for genotype/phenotype correlations in other similarly affected individuals.

Competing interests

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

SRL carried out the clinical evaluation, the FISH analyses and drafted the manuscript. TS performed the CGH analysis and MES carried out the FISH analyses. SUP assisted in interpretation of the developmental assessment of the patient. BAB participated in the clinical assessment of the patient, conceived the study design and coordinated the study progress. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Pre-publication history

The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2350/7/8/prepub

Supplementary Material

Additional File 1

Table: Clinical manifestations in individuals with deletion encompassing 15q15q22 region Clinical overview of all the known individuals with 15q15q22 region deletion.

Click here for file^{(38K, doc)}

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the family of our patient for participating in this study and for providing written consent for publication of this study. The support for this work was provided by the Doris Duke Clinical Scientist Development Award (SRL).

References

Yip MY, Selikowitz M, Don N, Kovacic A, Purvis-Smith S, Lam-Po-Tang PR. Deletion 15q21.1 – q22.1 resulting from a paternal insertion into chromosome 5. J Med Genet. 1987;24:709–712. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Fryns JP, de Muelenaere A, van den Berghe H. Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15. Ann Genet. 1982;25:59–60. [PubMed]
Martin F, Platt J, Tawn EJ, Burn J. A de novo interstitial deletion of 15(q21.2q22.1) in a moderately retarded adult male. J Med Genet. 1990;27:637–639. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Liehr T, Starke H, Heller A, Weise A, Beensen V, Senger G, Kittner G, Prechtel M, Claussen U, Seidel J. Evidence for a new microdeletion syndrome in 15q21. Int J Mol Med. 2003;11:575–7. [PubMed]
Formiga LD, Poenaru L, Couronne F, Flori E, Eibel JL, Deminatti MM, Savary JB, Lai JL, Gilgenkrantz S, Pierson M. Interstitial deletion of chromosome 15: two cases. Hum Genet. 1988;80:401–404. doi: 10.1007/BF00273663. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Pramparo T, Mattina T, Gimelli S, Liehr T, Zuffardi O. Narrowing the deleted region associated with the 15q21 syndrome. Eur J Med Genet. 2005;48:346–52. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2005.04.012. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Koivisto PA, Koivisto H, Haapala K, Simola KO. A de novo deletion of chromosome 15(q15.2q21.2) in a dysmorphic, mentally retarded child with congenital scalp defect. Clin Dysmorphol. 1999;8:139–41. [PubMed]
Shur N, Cowan J, Wheeler PG. Craniosynostosis and congenital heart anomalies associated with a maternal deletion of 15q15-22.1. Am J Med Genet. 2003;120:542–6. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20093. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Fukushima Y, Wakui K, Nishida T, Nishimoto H. Craniosynostosis in an infant with an interstitial deletion of 15q [46, XY, del(15)(q15q22.1)] Am J Med Genet. 1990;36:209–13. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320360214. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
UCSC Genome Browser http://genome.ucsc.edu/
Yu W, Ballif BC, Kashork CD, Heilstedt HA, Howard LA, Cai WW, White LD, Liu W, Beaudet AL, Bejjani BA, Shaw CA, Shaffer LG. Development of a comparative genomic hybridization microarray and demonstration of its utility with 25 well-characterized 1p36 deletions. Hum Mol Genet. 2003;12:2145–52. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddg230. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Lalani SR, Stockton DW, Bacino C, Molinari LM, Glass NL, Fernbach SD, Towbin JA, Craigen WJ, Graham JM, Jr, Hefner MA, Lin AE, McBride KL, Davenport SL, Belmont JW. Toward a genetic etiology of CHARGE syndrome: I. A systematic scan for submicroscopic deletions. Am J Med Genet. 2003;118:260–6. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20002. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Girault JA, Horiuchi A, Gustafson EL, Rosen NL, Greengard P. Differential expression of ARPP-16 and ARPP-19, two highly related cAMP-regulated phosphoproteins, one of which is specifically associated with dopamine-innervated brain regions. J Neurosci. 1990;10:1124–33. [PubMed]
Ramalho JS, Tolmachova T, Hume AN, McGuigan A, Gregory-Evans CY, Huxley C, Seabra MC. Chromosomal mapping, gene structure and characterization of the human and murine RAB27B gene. BMC Genet. 2001;2:2. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-2-2. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Arndt M, Lendeckel U, Rocken C, Nepple K, Wolke C, Spiess A, Huth C, Ansorage S, Klein HU, Goette A. Altered expression of ADAMs (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase) in fibrillating human atria. Circulation. 2002;105:720–5. doi: 10.1161/hc0602.103639. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Karibe A, Tobacman LS, Strand J, Butters C, Back N, Bachinski LL, Arai AE, Ortiz A, Roberts R, Homsher E, Fananapazir L. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by a novel alpha-tropomyosin mutation (V95A) is associated with mild cardiac phenotype, abnormal calcium binding to troponin, abnormal myosin cycling, and poor prognosis. Circulation. 2001;103:65–71. [PubMed]
Regitz-Zagrosek V, Erdmann J, Wellnhofer E, Raible J, Fleck E. Novel mutation in the alpha-tropomyosin gene and transition from hypertrophic to hypocontractile dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2000;102:E112–116. [PubMed]

Articles from BMC Medical Genetics are provided here courtesy of
BioMed Central